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Image 1:

My first image is an edit from my 4th photo shoot. I cropped the original images to focus in on certain section of the original images. I did this to focus on the different textures created by the different materials on the beds in the Merchants house set in 1860’s at the Jersey Museum. I think the way this is displayed is more interesting than the images by themselves as it compares the different colours, tones, textures and patterns. I tried to emphasise the contrasting colours by using the different images containing different colours in each e.g the top left has cold blue colours, the top right has red curtains with pink tones in the bed sheets, the bottom left has green curtains with yellow undertones, and the bottom right has brown and yellow undertones. These colours would have been noticeable if the images were displayed by themselves separately, but are emphasised when displayed together. The concept of this image is to show how conventional objects and furniture have history and stories connected to them. The objects and furniture shown in these images create the impression that someone still uses them based of the casual appearance the settings give. This links to Walker Evan’s images where he pays particular attention to the inanimate objects that are present, almost representing them as characters themselves, also representing absence and the passage of time. My images show furniture and rooms like someone is living and using the furniture, but there aren’t any people, also representing, like Walker Evan, absence and the passage of time

Experimentation:

Displayed above is the original images that were cropped. Below i have displayed how i experimented with the cropping on each image.

This image has natural lighting which emphasises the yellow and brown undertones within the image. I specifically tried to make the images in this shoot look natural so the setting would not look manipulated and staged like it was in real life. I used a fast shutter speed when taking this image as i wanted it to be clear and detailed with no blur. This photo has a range of light and dark tones within it, the bottom left corner is dark brown and contrasts with the lighter colours of the bed sheets and the light shining through the window. When experimenting with cropping i decided to focus on the textures created through the materials of the bed sheets and draping around the bed.

This image contains warm and cool colours, the bedding having yellow tones contrasting with the cooler green colour of the draping from the four post bed. There are vaeriety of patterns created in this image, from the squares on the wardrobe door contrasting with the vertical lines created by the material of the green drapings. When cropping this image i wanted to incorporate the pattern created by the green draping but also she the texture of the bedding.The image on the top left has cold tones from the wallpaper behind which contrast with the dark metal bars in front. The bars from the bed create bold geometric shapes within the image and shadows behind, adding more depth to the image. When cropping this image i wanted this image to contrast from the other cropped images so looked at the geometric shapes and lines compared to the texture and patterns of the material in the other images. I also wanted to show the shadows created.

This image contains pink tones and shows the red draping from the four post bed. I cropped this image, focusing on the bed sheets on the left side rather than the window and light on the right side as I think the lighting is too bright and intense. By cropping the audience doesn’t get distracted by a bright light, but the bed it still lit up naturally from it. I like the contrast on the red draping to the bed sheet that has yellow tones and also the pattern of vertical lines created by the draping and the pattern printed on the bed sheet. I wanted to incorporate all these features when i cropped the original image

Compare and Contrast

One similarity between mine and Walker Evans photography from his book ‘Message from the Interiors’  as we both pay particular attention to the inanimate objects that are present, almost representing them as characters themselves. I think the images I took represent the passage of time and absence, showing furniture and beds of people in the 1860’s, but the absence of people in the images show the history and how a conventional objects within a house can have more meaning than the purpose of what it was built for.    One difference between mine and Walker Evan’s images are that my images are of settings recreated of the 1860’s, whereas his images are actually depicting the 1960’s, the time he was living in. He uses black and white photography presenting the bed as they are in that time in single photographs, whereas I display my images as a collection of coloured images. I decided not to edit my images black and white as when i was editing i focused on the contrast between the warm and cold colours between each picture and the contrast in textures. If i had edited the images in black and white it wouldn’t show the contrast in colours and therefore the textures wouldn’t be significantly different.

Image 2:

This second image is from my 3rd photoshoot. The mirror in this photo was owned by my grandma, the piano music is something which my grandad sent me in a letter when i was younger, and the newspaper background, which is seen in most of my images from this shoot, is newspaper dated back to Feburary 16th 1973 which i found in a box where my great great grandma’s silver tea set was kept. This is my favourite image from the 3rd shoot as it includes different aspects of my family that are important to me, combined together and shown in one image. It also links closely into Mari Mahr’s work using deeply personal objects and resoning behind her images. I chose to take this image to show how an photo containing conventional objects can have historic links and also personal ones and that there is more to an object the  what meets the eye as there’s probably a story or personal connection to it. For example, in this image I used objects from past family members displayed together in one picture showing how what might just look like objects arranged in a certain way  actually have personal and autobiographical meaning with stories behind them,

I experimented with both artificial lighting and natural lighting and found that natural created a more authentic, personal look, compared to the artificial that made the objects look staged, manipulated and in the spotlight. The natural lighting coming from the left side lights up all aspects of the photo but focuses more on the left side of the image, emphasing the folds and creases in the newspaper and creating a small shadow on the right side from underneath the piano music.This allows for a range of tones to be presented. For many of my images in this photoshoot i used a tripod, but for this image i didn’t as it’s taken from an above angle, so i used fast shutter speed.

The newspaper, used as one of the background layers in this image, creates an interesting texture as it dates back to 1973,  showing how the condition over the past 45 years has deteriorated. The colour of the newspaper links to the other images as they all contain brown and yellow undertones, emphasisng the fact that what is being photographed is old. This contrasts with the off-white colour of the piano music, which also shows signs of ageing around the corners. The tones of the newspaper link into the colour of the outsides of the box containing the mirror. This makes the overall image more aesthetically pleasing as the colours and tones all complement each other and make for a more balanced image. I also reflected newspaper in the mirror so it wasn’t completely white and so it complements the newspaper background. I arranged the objects in a way so that the angles each object were placed at balanced each other out, e.g. the piano sheet music angled to the left, complemented the box with the mirror angled to right, together creating horizontal lines and different layers and aspects in the photo

Experimentation

I edited the image in different ways, one way to interpret Mari Mahr’s work more, one to emphasis the shadows in the image and others to experiment with the tone of the image.

I decided to choose the black and white image as my final piece as it interprets Mari Mahr’s work, but also emphasises the mall details within the image, like the shadows created by the creases in the old newspapers and shadows that have been created on the right side of the box by the light shining in the left.

Compare and Contrast

I think it  is hard to compare photos to the style of Mari Mahr as each of her photographs is so different, unique and represents a different part of herself and her life within it, being deeply personal. So i’ve displayed a selection of her photography above in comparison to mine. One similarity between our images is that we both used personal objects that have meaning in our lives. She uses objects from her family, photos and objects that remind her of her mother, and objects that remind her of her childhood in Geneva. In my photos i used objects that were owned by me and my family members. For example, a tea set owned by my great great grandma in 1896, piano music my grandfather sent to me in a letter when I was younger, a camera owned by my great uncle, and my grandmas mirror, all linking to me my family history. Both me and Mari Mahr’s photos are autobiographical and have connections to out families and childhoods wishing the images. On difference between mine and Mari Mahr;s work is that her work addresses universal human concerns regarding where it is that each of us come from, and where it is that we each belong. My work does not do this as much as i focused on linking my images to my family history, although does address how where each of us comes from in terms of my family.

Image 3:This 3rd image is from my second photoshoot, taking inspriation from the artist Giorgio Morandi where his painting have contain simple domestic objects with solid colour background creating a simplistic yet detailed image. I decided to use these images as one of my final outcomes as it significantly contrasts with my other images from this project and shows the variety within my work.  The others taking a more authentic, eclectic style looking at the history of objects and the personal connections and stories behind them. This image however still links in to the idea of objects having a story and personal connections, but look at it in a much more modern way, using bold colours and geometric patterns within the image.

The lighting used in this image is artificial, i used this so the whole image was lit up rather than a certain section. This emphasises the bright colours and the objects in the foreground of the photo. The second image of this collection is closer up than the first, gaining a different perspective on the same scene. Most of the colour used in these images are cold, which is another aspect that contrasts form my other images form this project where they mostly use brown and yellow tones creating an authentic look. The cold colour used make the images seem more modern, although the objects in these images are not. This demonstrates how a certain backgrounds can change the concept of the image, and even make the audience think the photos are taken in a different time. These images create geometrical shapes and focus on the straight lines eg. the horizontal line across the background contrasting with the vertical lines on the vase showing how it’s 3D. When arranging these domestic objects I looked at the levels each objects where at, placing the vase in the center as it’s the tallest and the main object because of it’s colour. I placed the smaller white objects either side of the vase to complement it , putting them at different angles to gain different perspectives of each image. In the second image I took the photo with sides of the two objects coming of the photo, creating a different composition than the first image so I could display them together. The concept behind this image is linked into the theme coneventions like all my other photoshoots in this project, looking at domestic household objects and looking at how an object may only be seen as the purpose it was made for, but can have personal stories and connections behind. This reasoning is the same as my other still life photographs, except this photo shoot was more staged and planned.

Experimentation:To edit and experiment with the original images i decided that the solid colors in the images could be easily change so i could see if warm or cool colours would look better. I adjusted the hue in photo shoot and change the colours on each of the images. The original images contained the warm colour orange, yellow , and red, wheres the best edited versions had blue and green changing the overall tone of the images from warm to cool.

Compare and Contrast

One similarity between mine and the artist Giorgio Morandi’s work is that we both looked at domestic household objects, presenting them simplistically with plain background and solid colours. Although his painting’s were simplistic they were detailed at the same time looking at the tone and textures of the objects he was painting. I also think i have achieved this in my photographs, for example I emaphasised the dark vertical lines  going the the vase in the center of the image to create depth and show how the object is 3D. One difference between mine and Giorgio Morandi’s work is that where he uses neutral tones like cream, brown, oranges for his background and objects, I used bright bold colours. My original image had a bright yellow and orange background, but i edited so it’s blue in one image and green in the other. I did this as i think the bright colours emphasise the objects in the foreground. Another similarirty between mine and Giorgio Morand’s work is that in nearly every still life painting, he has a horizontal line creating a division through the center of the image, splitting it in half. I also tried to achieve this in my images, showing the contrast from the darker tones behind the objects and the lighter tone underneath. Creating this horizontal line adds more depth to the image as it make the set the objects are placed look 3D. If the background was only one colour than the image would look 2D.

Edits

To experiment with the presentation of my images and to start displaying images from all the photo shoots combined I explored different layouts and arrangements of the photos.

This first layout are images from my fourth photoshoot where i went to the Jersey museum and took photos in the style of Evan Walker. For this edit I focused in on smaller sections of the images and cropped them into square shapes so the overall layout would be square and symmetrical. Focusing in on certain sections of the original images. I did this as i liked the photos as single images but think more of a concert is formed when the are displayed together.

I also tried editing the images into different arrangements like horizontal and vertical rows seeing which ones looked the most aesthetically pleasing. I found that this worked less well that the display of 4 as the composition in each image is too similar but adding the fourth image balances it out, also making the overall display symmetrical and balanced.

The images shown below I have edited on photo shop so that the colour in each photo is different. I did this so I could display a selection of the same images together, rather than having a single image by itself. It also develops from the original image. I decided to edit bright colours rather than in the neutral tones that Giorgio Morandi used in hi paintings as I didn’t want to completely copy his style and wanted to make my photographs unique in some way.

I tried arranging the different coloured images in different layouts, repeating the same images more than once in different colours and also incorporating other images from the same photoshoot to gain a different perspective of the same setting. The bold, bright colours I have edited in emphasise the straight lines and geometrical shapes within the image, and also emphasise the objects in the foreground of the image . I found the images that worked best were the ones with the greatest contrast between the two colours in the background from dark to light as it creates a division across the image and adds another aspect, rather than the background being plain like the first part of that photoshoot.

Displaying my Prints:

For the images I printed out i wanted to display them as a collection of images together rather than single images by themselves. If these images were displayed separately I don’t think they would make sense, displaying them together gives the images a story. They also all link together though the brown and yellow tones in each image, giving the display as a whole an authentic and eclectic style. I decided on using a white background as it emphasises the yellow tones within the images and makes the photos seem brighter.

Evaluation and idea artist comparison

For my chosen final pieces I was mainly inspired by two artist being:

 Midori Harima

Comparison between artists work and mine:Harimas work is based around creating a 3d collage being a print off of her own image and wrapping this around a head structure to form a sculptor,I interpreted this as cutting up pieces from my portrait images and making this into a collage and then forming it in a curved manner to look 3d,I think it is quite evident to see the similarities between the pieces.And that my inspired piece works well with the techniques used.

conceptually it is an interesting piece as is symbolises different aspects of human emotion, the lighting to form a shadow is also effective as it further enhanced the three dimensional feel to the piece itself.

 

Connie imboden

Second comparison:My main inspiration for this was themes of isolation from the behaviour of water, my image is a lot more abstract with a strong essence of movement, yet still has a similar composition and a similar facial expression to the artists work.Due to the unreliability of how the sea would be I think this is the most accurate presentation I could have to the artist. My other images all still carry the same concept of her work throughout.

Overall evaluation of project and final display:

Overall I think this project is very different to any work I have done before and very diverse within itself which using collage, themes of nature and behaviour; and finally  mirroring and editing techniques to remove features of a persons identity.I am happy with the final images I am left with and think they do reflect what I originally wanted to show through my work from the start. My work is clearly inspired by my artists but not a complete carbon copy,making  sure to add my own technique or additional themes of  human behaviour, isolation or loss of identity. when focusing on the words of:codes,conevtnions and secrets I feel as though I have touched on them all, being the ‘conventions’ of human behaviour and how we as humans are influenced through others behaviours,and also the unreliable behaviour of nature. Secondly ‘secrets’ is seen through the loss of identity and removal of features alongside the lack of presentation to people we think we know. lastly ‘codes’ is seen through the repetition of these characteristics  throughout many groups of people as if it is a code to be followed. There is a large range of editing between each shoot, the shoots are more concentrated on removal of identity I edited out significant features and used this to enhance the images.I also used photo techniques of mirroring and collage ,so overall using a large combination of many different ideas.The majority of my work is purely tonal shades of black and white, this is due to this being more appropriate to the pieces and themes behind them. At the beginning of the project I wanted to focus more on surrealism and I do think I have incorporated  some of these themes into my work, although I do think it has come out more of a direct portraiture observation,but with a complex presention and still does not fit wihtin the generic conventions of portraiture work.Overall I think this project is very unique and does apply to my themes and the outcomes I think all work well together.

 

Ability seen within images

your technical ability to record using a camera / lens:
For each shoot I have used different settings on my camera, each with the different aim to either capture,motion,light or a specific focus on my images.To do so I used large lenses to be able to  capture detail and movement within all my pieces,additionally I put my camera setting on macro to be able to capture the detail of the image and not have any blur as this is not the effect that I wanted to capture.


your ability to select and edit images effectively:
when selecting my images I wanted to give a variety of techniques and presentations of human behavior,I have done this by choosing three separate shoots. I chose my primary shoot to be focused on the combination of human and nature behavior and how when formed together present the convention of loss of identity and isolation within the water itself.I chose this shoot as it it the most creative shoot with the combination of editing and real captured shots,I think overall all the images are very dynamic and able to work as individuals too.


your ability to respond to a key artist:
as previously shown my main aim for every shoot was the same theme of human behavior but my inspiration for each shoot was inspired by a different artists,although the main two artist for my final images was Midori Harima and conni imboden,both of their work is used presenting people in different mannerism and showing a more gruesome side to their personalities,I have shown their techniques using collage and additional editing techniques of removing eyes and finally submerging people within water. 

Secrets, Codes and Conventions – Comparing My Work to the Artists

In my final photographs, I have taken some inspiration from each of the artists that I have looked at. The biggest influence on my work was Gregory Berg, I used his theme of long pathways within photographs and used the secrets of subways within my photographs just as he does. I also used the unusual lighting of the subway like Berg did in order to create an uneasy and unnatural vibe to the photographs. Whilst my photographs have similarities to Berg’s work, they also contrast with his work, Berg decided to look at the abandoned parts of the subway and tried to show the secrets within them. I took this and decided to photograph the ones fully in use in order to show how similar they are even though they are constantly cleaned and maintained. The modernness of and cleanliness of my photographs contrast with the dark and forgotten-about subjects of his photographs which shows how quickly things can change.

I also took some inspiration from Emmanuel Tecles’ work. Most of the inspiration taking from his work was shown in my earlier photographs of the secrets and exploration of nature but parts of his work are still reflected within my photographs, such as the subject positioned directly in the centre of the photograph in order to lead the eye to that subject and create some aesthetically pleasing symmetry. Whilst parts of my work do reflect with what Tecles does, it also contrasts with it. Tecles’ work looks at nature taking over urban development whereas my photographs look at only urban development and the structure within it. This also creates contrast within the lighting and shadows of the photograph.

The inspiration for the tunnel themed photographs came from Robbie Shone who looks at caves and exploration. I took inspiration from his exploration of places that would be considered alien to him. Both my photographs and Shone’s photographs have the theme of an end destination through a pathway, this helps to lead the eye of the viewer throughout the photograph. My photographs contrast with Shone’s photographs because mine consists of mad-made straightforward pathways whilst Shone’s photographs consists of natural waves and curves in the pathways which shows the difference between man-made structures and natural structures.

Overall, I have had mixed inspirations for my photographs and I have successfully incorporated these inspirations into my photographs through the use of composition and pathways. This has resulted in interestingly lit but dim photographs with contrast and colours in.
Image result for gregory berg photography

Image result for emmanuel tecles

Image result for robbie shone

Secrets, Codes and Conventions – Evaluation of Creative Process

I started off my creative process by looking at the idea of secrets within exploration. The artists I looked at were Robbie Shone, Emmanuel Tecles and Gregory Berg. These are all completely different photographers that photograph different subjects but they all had the common goal of documenting their exploration.

I began my first shoot by visiting the Jersey war tunnels and my primary idea was to capture the pathways that both Shone and Berg show in their photographs. I successfully managed this but could’ve done this in a more aesthetically pleasing manner by creating a brighter, more interesting photograph with some more symmetry in it.

In my second shoot I started to look at more exploration within nature and within abandoned/neglected settings. The primary idea with this was still exploration and this allowed my ideas to flow through to the exploration of the subways. I felt my work on natural exploration was successful but I needed to take photographs that had more composition and interesting themes/subjects within them.

This led me to start taking photographs within the subways in which I could use the urban, man-made structures to my advantage as they provided me with natural frames and pathways within the photographs for me to create aesthetically pleasing compositions. I used the different lightings and long pathways in order to create contrast within the photographs and to create a sense of unknown secrets at the end of the pathway. The below are my final photographs, if I was to try this shoot again I would attempt it in a busy area of the subway in order to provide contrast between images and more contrast between my photographs and Gregory Berg’s work.

 

Jesse Draxler:shoot 4

For this shoot I really wanted to focus again upon the conventions of human behavior being  neglected and removed from being treated as a person as this is what the artist does. I wanted to edit the images in order to reflect a personal emotion onto the image and present how human behavior works through the overall representation of the image itself.

original photos,contact sheet:

Final edits:

For these two images I was inspired by some of draxlers images where he cuts different profiles and angles them up in order to form a new composition of faces and a new style and angle to the original.I wanted to completely alter the images in order to create a whole different meaning behind them.

The editing for these images I  wanted to connote the removal of identity and how the unique abstract purposes a complexity to human behaviour. Although there is still a strong highlighted effect of surrealism within the images,the effect of emptiness creates a sense of suspension and secrecy within the image as they no loner represent who they are.

To edit the images I wanted to remove sections of structure and a flowing sense wihtin the face, In this case being the cheeks line and the side of the face,addtionally I wanted an absence of eyes wihtin the images, to do this I used instant alpha and removed sections at a time,but it was not as smooth as I wanted the overall image, because of this I filled in tonally with the brush tool with the same skin tone and rounded off the edges.This is more effective and creates a better overall finish to the images.lastly I created shade within the inside white area to create a more three dimensional real effect to the images.

Final edit:

Similarly with the previous image I wanted to remove the eye but then copy that section below to form many missing sections of eyes, again to do this I used instant alpha and then used photoshop to smooth over the image and make it seamless throughout(using the smudge tool),This image is meant to presets a mask to identity but still an absence of our real behaviour.

Final edit:

similarly I repeated this technique but wanted to form an effect of a mask so not blending the eyes in but showing a shape that has been repeated, to do so I experienced in different methods to find the most successful:

 

Final edit:

Final edit:This image is purposely experimentation to try and remove and cover a different sense of identity and not just purely eyes.

The next two images I think are less successful and more concentrated on experimentation;within these images I wanted to find an interesting composition of repetition of faces of different angles and edit them all into one to from an abstract and surrealistic piece. I did this similarly to my artists inspiration of demonstrating the combination of many different human emotions that we have and representing this in an abstract method.

Final edit:

I edited the images by removing the body and editing only the sections of the faces that I wanted,I the framed them into an interesting composition and surged the lines to form a more synced piece.

Final edit:

Overall I think the most successful images was the removal of facial features, this is due to the most successful editing and a simplicity but effectiveness of connection of human absence within the images themselves.

Secrets, Codes and Conventions – Fourth Shoot

Planning

Task – Take 150-200 photos exploring the theme of exploration under the key word ‘secrets’

Props – I will be using the city of New York and its subway’s in my photographs

Camera Settings – I will be using completely different camera settings throughout the shoot as I will be exploring different areas.

Lighting – I will be using daylight and artificial light

Location – New York

Context – I am looking at the theme of exploration for my AS level externally set assignment.

Concept – I hope to take photographs of the secrets that are within New York City whilst taking inspiration from Gregory Berg and Robbie Shone.

My Edits

Favourite Photograph

In this photograph I used the harsh lights of the subway to illuminate the photograph. These harsh lights created contrast with the rest of the dimly lit subway.  This photograph is slightly underexposed on purpose as it creates a mysterious feeling within it. I used a deep depth of field to capture this photograph in order to capture the depth and length that the subway travels. I used a shutter speed of 1/40 with an ISO of 200 in order to capture the photograph in the dimly lit environment whilst keeping the quality of the photograph as high as possible.

The colours within the photograph are quite faded and dim – this is to reflect how the subway is tucked away underground and is quite dark and can be quite intimidating with some of the characters that can be found within it.  There is quite a dark tonal range within this photograph other than the harsh lighting which adds to the mysterious vibe in the photograph. There is a 3D effect within this photograph due to the depth of the subway and the pathways within it. I placed the pillar central with the lights coming off to the side almost symmetrically in order to create a more appealing photograph. The pathways in the photograph help to lead the eye from the foreground to the background.

When composing this photograph I had the work of Gregory Berg  in my mind – I used the setting of the New York underground and captured it as if it was deserted. This showed the exploration within the underground and how it can vary from being packed with people to having no people around, whilst this is going on there is a whole other world walking around above this. This tucking away of the underground introduces lots of interesting characters in the subways which people native to large cities would not normally see, and this exploration shows secrets of the city and the underground.

Walker Evans

Walker Evans (born November 3, 1903) was an American photographer and photojournalist whose influence on the evolution of ambitious photography during the second half of the 20th century was perhaps greater than that of any other figure. Evans had the extraordinary ability to see the present as if it were already the past, and to translate that knowledge and historically inflected vision into an enduring art

His principal subject was the vernacular—the indigenous expressions of a people found in roadside stands, cheap cafés  advertisements, simple bedrooms, and small-town main streets.

Evans began photographing regularly in 1928, while living in New York City.  It was his goal to become a professional photographer, although it was difficult to find work.  His first big break came in 1930, when three of his photographs were selected to be published in a poetry book by Hart Crane, titled The Bridge.  This early work foreshadows his life-long interest in the imagery of urban architecture and industrial construction.

In 1933, Evans traveled to Cuba to take photographs for The Crime of Cuba, a book by American journalist Carleton Beals.  Beals’s goal was to expose the corruption of Cuban dictator Gerardo Machado.  For this project, Evans produced a number of portrait photographs using laborers, miners, and dockworkers.  He also documented the urban street life in Cuba, including images of vendors, pedestrians, and signage.  All of these themes would reappear in Evans’s later work for the FSA.

Mature Period

Photography flourished under the Great Depression, thanks to Roosevelt’s New Deal, which paid artists to work. The Farm Security Administration hired Evans alongside other photographers to document the government’s improvement efforts in rural communities. Unconcerned with the political ideology behind his assignment, Evans spent the better part of 1935 and 1936 eloquently capturing the aesthetic texture of ordinary life via rural churches, bedrooms, faded signs, and rumpled work clothes. He avoided using upscale equipment. Despite being familiar with and capable of affording the latest technology, Evans used an outdated camera with a very slow lens.

Evans’ interiors function like landscapes that open up towards other worlds, largely through the particular attention that he pays to the inanimate objects that are present, almost representing them as characters themselves

His book titled – Message from the interior – is both open and reserved, preparing the reader not only for its subject matter, but also for the atmosphere of intensity it contains. Here, through objects and places, the he speaks to us of absence, the difficulty of communication and the passage of time.

Walker Evans picks out details that unsettle our delicate balance with portraits set in living rooms, kitchens or bedrooms. On first impression, the meticulous layout of the images leave room for the disciplined and temporarily deserted places that they depict.

None the less there is resistance, in spite of all of these codes and the apparent passivity of these empty, predetermined spaces. Life is indeed present, in the smell of the wallpaper, the sound of the wooden floors, the slight movements of dust particles and the lengthening of shadows.

These spaces, now emptied of their occupants, rediscover their own life, perspectives stretch out or become flattened; shadows recompose themselves into sculptures, as the objects take over the roles of the missing occupants and complete the story.

Most of Evans’s best work dealt not with people but with the things they made: he was concerned most of all with the character of American culture as it was expressed in its vernacular architecture and in its unofficial decorative arts, such as billboards and shop windows.

In Evans time, there were essentially two competing philosophies of photography: Documentary vs. Pictorialist. Documentary strove to represent the world as it was, flaws and all; Pictorialism produced a selective, transcendent view of the world, akin to traditional Western painting. Evans’s work, a blend of these two philosophies, brought greater nuance to the practice of photography. As he put it, “What I believe is really good in the so-called documentary approach to photography is the addition of lyricism… produced unconsciously and even unintentionally and accidentally by the cameraman.”

During the winter months between 1938 and 1941, Evans strapped a camera to his midsection, cloaked it with his overcoat, and snaked a cable release down his suit sleeve to photograph New York City subway passengers unawares.

For Evans, the subway portraits  were an attempt to capture the ultimate purity of a recording method without human interference.  He sought to reflect ordinary life in an organic and natural way.  The subway portraits were also, in many ways, a rebellion against studio portraiture and the commercialization of photography.  Evans criticized the inherently artificial nature of typical portrait photography, with its use of costumes, make-up, props, and posed stances.

 

Starter Activity: “Context is Everything” (Miss Hearn)

Learning Objective:  To develop a deeper understanding of the way in which the context in which a photograph is created and seen effects its meaning.

Photographs are not fixed in meaning; context is everything.

Simply put, meaning is derived from context, whilst context is the information that surrounds something. We form our understanding of a photograph not just from what is in it, but what we know about it.

context
noun
1. the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood.
2. the parts of something written or spoken that immediately precede and follow a word or passage and clarify its meaning.

meaning
noun
1. what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action

The contexts within which we encounter an image also offer areas for exploration. These might include:

  •  A photograph’s physical proximity to another and how this influences our perception of it e.g. side by side in a book, on a gallery wall etc.
  • Whether we see the ‘original’ work as the artist/photographer intended – framed on a wall, in a specific location, via print, on screen, via digital projector etc.
  • The information that surrounds, precedes, accompanies or follows the encounter. A simple (but highly influential) example here is if the photograph has a title or caption. But other diverse influences might seep in – the surrounding noise; your emotional state; recent reading; what you had for lunch?

Whatever your intentions for your own photographs, context doesn’t necessarily stop an image from having alternative meanings.  Connections are free to be made and conclusions drawn regardless, and the deeper your awareness of various contexts – be it colour relationships, genres, the illusions of surface, photographic typologies, whatever – the more possibilities can emerge. Not everyone sees and interprets meanings in the same way.

 

Consider this influential photograph…

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General Nguyen Ngoc Loan executing a Viet Cong prisoner in Saigon – Eddie Adams, 1968

What do you think is happening in the frame? Can you identify the meaning behind this photograph?

CONTEXT: Hear Eddie Adams’ account of the killing in Saigon http://100photos.time.com/photos/eddie-adams-saigon-execution

The photograph, above, is one of the most disturbing, iconic images to emerge during the Vietnam War and receive global press coverage. It quickly became a symbol of the war’s brutality. Long after he had pressed the shutter Eddie Adams lived with a sense of blood on his hands – but not that of the victim, but rather the gunman himself. Adams felt he ‘killed’ the gunman by creating an image in which he was forever cast as a villain. The man being shot (Nguyen Van Lem) was the captain of a Vietcong “revenge squad” responsible for executing dozens of unarmed civilians that day. The gunman, General Nguyen Ngoc Loan was, within the context of war – and (rightly or wrongly) The Geneva Convention – a man at work. There were no winners here.

 

Discuss in pairs…

“There are no meaningful images”

Do you agree with Joachim Schmid? Justify your response. 

 

Suggested Activity (extension)

You may want to produce a photograph that has a significant gap between what is seen within the frame (the subject matter) and the context that lies beyond it (the explanation that reveals its true value).

Consider how interpretations of the image might be altered by providing further context such as: a title, a quote or song lyric, a short story, a formal explanation, revealing that it is part of a set or sequence.