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Analysing Robert Frank

Trolley - New Orleans 

Robert Frank is a Swiss-American  photographer and documentary filmmaker born in 1924, with his most noticeable work being the 1958 book called The Americans.
Image result for robert frank the americansTrolley - New Orleans 1955

Named The Trolley, this became one of Robert Frank's most famous photos released from the book The Americans. The picture captures the fleeting moment that conveys the brutal social order of the postwar America. Frank was originally shooting a street parade when he saw a trolley passing, in which he quickly spun round and took a picture before the trolley disappeared from view.

Visual

The picture consists of a small amount of tonal range but a large contrast between black and white throughout. The picture is obviously taken at a slightly angled position, with a balanced symmetry across the entirety of it. This image has been cropped from the original taken with a huge contrast between the white poles and the people next to each one, instantly drawing your eye to them.

Technical

A natural light is used within the image as it was taken on a bright sunny day creating a warm tone to the overall piece, but has been slightly manipulated with evidence of the Ansel Adams zone system used throughout. The whole image seems to be in focus with no blur at all with a big depth of field, whilst telling us that Robert must have used a high shutter speed to capture the moving trolley so clearly without the traces of blur. From the reflection in the glass above the trolley windows, it is clear to say that it was taken head on allowing for the effect to occur.

Contextual

The picture perfectly captures the racial separation between the people at that time period within America in which classes were divided (In one window there is an old white woman, the next are two white children and the last are two black men), whilst also revealing and documenting the truth behind what the Americans saw as 'The American Dream' in which not everyone was equal with similar opportunities in life

 

Ernst Haas Inspired Photoshoot

Within this shoot I focused on the aspect of movement, to create an abstract effect within my images, to do this I allowed a slow shutter speed of about 1.3 seconds to 13. This allowed me to make an abstract effect to everyday things, like cars and lights at the time of dusk. 

An artist I was inspired by was Ernst Haas. Ernst Haas was a photojournalist and a pioneering color photographer. During his 40-year career, the Austrian-born artist bridged the gap between photojournalism, and the use of photography as a medium for expression and creativity. I found many of the images he had taken in his years (Like the horse image below), as inspiration towards the somehow dramatic affect created by an almost simplistic technique.
Related imageTo really create the effect I desired, I drove round jersey to and from destinations, taking pictures of lights that interested me as a photographer, as I thought they would capture the eye of the viewer. Some of the techniques I would incorporate into the images were motion blur and low shutter speed zooming, I specifically made sure not to use a tripod, as I wanted to create a disrupted effect to most of the pictures taken. 

I decided to make a mind map of the objects and ideas behind them, that I could take in the shoot to help me along. From there I would be able to section off individual images from each segment, and choose the best image from each. This is what it looked like:
From here I went ahead with the photo shoot, and these were my results from this experiment below:
From these images taken, I chose the top ten images that I believed to be the best out of the contact sheet for various reasons, this is my selection:

From this selection of my top ten images, I decided to single them down even more to a top five, to really distinguish the good pictures from the rest. These are my top five:

Once again I decided to single out one image out of these five as my favorite. This is my final image:


I chose this image as I loved the triangular effect created by the outskirts of the blue lights at night when driving by, with a long shutter speed (1.8 seconds). I also thought that the contrast between the blue, really stood out from the rest of the image, making it very visually pleasing to the viewer, as seen by all the underlying shades of blue present within. What I really liked, was the fact that the image was an unbroken pattern, creating symmetry throughout the piece allowing for a greater effect.

High Contrast Images (Threshold)

What is threshold? 

The Threshold tool transforms the current layer or the selection of images, into pictures consisting of only pure black and white. In this, the color of pixel represents something, for example white pixels represent the pixels of the image whose value is in the threshold range, and black pixels represent pixels with value out of the threshold range.

I was inspired by the photographer Keld Helmer-Petersen, whose work was mainly based around this aspect as seen by some of his pictures below. I noticed that his images mainly consisted of every day objects, with a clear definition between light and dark, to which he would convert these using the threshold (As seen below).

Image result for keld helmer petersen

Image result for keld helmer petersen
This style of photography inspired me to create my own small contact sheet, in which I would incorporate this threshold idea into some of my picture taken previously, using the software Photoshop. This would really make certain aspects of the image that I desired to stand out from the rest, by reverting the image to a black and white only state. However with certain images, I decided to invert the colors as I believed it made the image more aesthetically pleasing to the eye, and in some circumstances made the object I wanted to pop out.

This is the outcome of my experiment:

The method in which I created these images on Photoshop are below:

1. Locate the Image tab above, and click the adjustments section, which will reveal the Threshold section.


2. For some pictures I then had the idea to invert my image colors, allowing for a completely different picture to be formed.
 

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Bokeh

What is Bokeh?

Bokeh, also known as “Boke” is one of the most popular subjects in photography ever. The reason why this technique is so popular, is because Bokeh makes photographs visually appealing, forcing us to focus our attention on a particular area of the image. The word comes from Japanese language, which literally translates as “blur” which is exactly what it is.

Image result for what is Bokeh
Basically, bokeh is the quality of out-of-focus or “blurry” parts of the image rendered by a camera lens, – it is NOT the blur itself or the amount of blur in the foreground or the background of a subject. The blur that you are so used to seeing in photography, that separates a subject from the background, is the result of shallow “depth of field”, and is generally simply called “background blur”. The quality and feel of the background/foreground blur and reflected points of light, however, is what photographers call Bokeh.


To achieve this effect, you must select a large aperture about f/2.8, 1.8 and 1.4, then get up close to the subject, and focus on what you wish to be 'sharp' whilst making the subject far from the background you want blurred out.

I really liked the way many photographers used the use of making lights into almost circular spheres, and decided to have a go at trying out the effect, by putting a clean glass over my lens to take the pictures it created the desired outcome, these were my results:

Rule Of Thirds

What is the rule of thirds?

The rule of thirds is basically breaking an image down into thirds (both horizontally and vertically), so that you have 9 parts. As follows.

Image result for rule of thirds
As you’re taking an image, you would have done this through your viewfinder or in the LCD display, that you use to frame your shot. With this grid in mind the ‘rule of thirds’ now identifies four important parts of the image that you should consider, placing points of interest in as you frame your image. Not only this, but it also gives you four ‘lines’, that are also useful positions for elements in your photo.

The rule of thirds 2

The theory is, that if you place points of interest in the intersections or along the lines, your photo becomes more balanced and will enable a viewer of the image to interact with it more naturally. Studies have shown that when viewing images, people’s eyes usually go to one of the intersection points most naturally, rather than the center of the shot – using the rule of thirds works with this natural way of viewing an image, rather than working against it.
 The rule of thirds in photography

Image result for rule of thirds
In addition to the above picture of the bee, where the bee’s eye becomes the point of focus. The next time I went out I decided to try this within my photos, to really get the viewers attention to the object of my choice, these were my results:
For the people, I decided to use the head of my friend and statue as the area I wanted the reader to instantly look too, where as the flower the seeds as the focus, and the rib-cage in the carcass.

Focus And Focus Point

What is the focus point?

Autofocus points are what the camera uses to focus on a subject. You'll probably first notice them when you press the shutter halfway. Many cameras will emit a "beep," and some of the AF points will light up (often in a red or green color) in the viewfinder or on the display screen as seen below.

Image result for Focus and focus point

When using your camera in auto-focus mode, the auto-focus points will help you direct the focus to a particular location in the frame.

This is extremely convenient because the focus of your photo may not always be in the very center where the camera traditionally likes to focus and meter.

Autofocus points were introduced in film SLR cameras when the Canon EOS and Nikon F-series models were very popular. Since that time, the technology has moved into digital photography and is included in almost every DSLR as well as many point and shoot cameras.

The introduction of AF points gave photographers greater freedom in focusing on certain subjects in the photograph. It mimics the freedom of manual focus while giving you the smooth, quick operation of autofocus.

Autofocus points can also be connected to the camera's metering system in many models. This means that the camera will determine the appropriate exposure based on the chosen autofocus point, which is typically the photo's main subject.

The number of possible autofocus points depends on the camera.

Some cameras have a 9 point system, while other cameras have 11 points or even 51 points. The more AF points a camera has, the more options you have to fine-tune the focus.

Image result for what are focus points
After reading up about the ways in which I could use my point system on my camera, I went out with a few friends to incorporate this into my photos, these were my results:
I tried to mainly focus on small details like webs and water to create a much more significant effect to the overall picture.

Depth Of Field

What is depth of field?

DOF is the zone of acceptable sharpness within a photo that will appear in focus. In every picture there is a certain area of your image in front of, and behind the subject that will appear in focus.

This zone will vary from photo to photo. Some images may have very small zones of focus, which is called shallow depth of field. Others may have a very large zone of focus, which is called 'deep depth' of field. Three main factors that will affect how you control the depth of field of your images are: aperture (f-stop), distance from the subject to the camera, and focal length of the lens on your camera.

Image result for what is depth of field
Depth of field diagram

In this picture below to the right there is a gradual focus change within the picture with a very narrow depth of field, allowing the photo to be in focus of one particular object. However to the left there is a much bigger depth of field stretching to infinity, allowing the backdrop to stay focused in detail at the same time.

Image result for what is depth of field
I decided to have a go with the method in a few of my photos, and so walked around school experimenting with it, these were my results:
I thought that messing around with the lighting would allow significantly for the viewer to notice what the focal point would be, and to my opinion I think that it worked.

Becher Inspired Photoshoot

What is a typology? 

Typology is the study of types, however in photography a typology is a series of images, in which the photographer has taken many of the same genre of object (buildings, pencils etc), using roughly the same composition for each one creating that scenes of repetition about them.

Bernd And Hilla Becher

Both these Photographers were German based, and were commissioned by the government to produces typologies of specific types of buildings, as seen below.

Image result for Bernd becher photography

These Photographers would go around the country taking the same composition of certain objects, which when one was taken would not look that impressive, but rather when hundreds were taken precisely from the same distance, and combined together, it creates an almost artistic creation

In response to this I decided I would walk around my home area and try to incorporate this style into my images, I chose the themes around car lights, windows with chimneys, and doors. These were some of my results:



 I decided that the car topology sheets worked the best, due to the contrast between the lights and the bonnets of the car which came in different shapes.

Focal Length

What is focal length?

The focal length of the lens is the distance between the lens and the image sensor, when the subject is in focus, usually stated in millimeters (e.g., 28 mm, 50 mm, or 100 mm). In the case of zoom lenses, both the minimum and maximum focal lengths are stated, for example 18–55 mm. Changing the focal length changes the angle of view. The shorter the focal length (e.g. 18 mm), the wider the angle of view and the greater the area captured. The longer the focal length (e.g. 55 mm), the smaller the angle and the larger the subject appears to be.


I tried having a go with this concept, by focusing firstly on the backdrop rather than the central figure, and then on the figure rather than the backdrop.

In this image I chose to focus purely on the backdrop of the trees rather than the character within, as an experiment with my cameras focal length.


This image however I chose to focus on the closer object to the lens, which happened to be a bee on a flower, therefore blurring out the backdrop rather than keeping it clear.

Color Overlay/Editing

What is color overlay?

Color overlay in this case is adding an extra layer of color on top of the black and white image taken within an editing software, such as Adobe Photoshop, and adding an effect to that picture by messing with opacity etc. For instance adding color to a single specific object in a black and white photo, to make the viewer's attention draw to that singular thing as seen below, it would allow you to draw a viewers attention to a specific object.

Image result for color overlay photoshop
From this idea I decided to implement this method into my own photos taken from home, with these being the results from it:

 My aim whilst doing this was to only re-color the parts of the image that I believed stood out from the rest of the picture itself, for example the peg, eye and tubing. From this it would allow the viewers point of interest to drift towards what I want them to mainly focus on, allowing for a greater effect.