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Keith Arnatt

The Tears of Things (Objects from a Rubbish Tip), 1990-91, colour photographs, selection

Howler’s Hill, 1987-88, colour photographs, selection

“it is a nature condemned to death by its own recycling, no longer an original presence to be symbolically opposed to culture.” – Jeremy Miller

Keith Arnatt uses his minimalistic style in ‘The Tears Of Things’ to capture items from a rubbish tip with an aesthetic that forces the viewer to think deeper than the object in the image. It provides questions such as the dangers on the environment as well as who the items belonged to and why they were thrown away.

‘Howlers Hill’ is primarily a study of split plastic bags, in which their decaying products emerge from. The natural lighting shows that these images were taken in an outside environment. As the bags split under pressure from their environment, either by the weight of loads placed upon them or natural decay, the contents fall out & are on display for all to see. The fragility of the bag could be seen as a metaphor or Sign for our own lives & inner burdens which threaten to burst open under the slightest extra load.

Image Analysis

Keith Arnatt, The Tears of Things, 1990-91

In this series, Keith Arnatt captures items found in a rubbish tip, specifically in this image a disposed plastic baby.

The phrase “The Tears of Things” translates from the Latin phrase “Lacrimae rerum” which means the burden human beings have to bear, ever present frailty and suffering, is what defines the essence of human experience. Arnatt uses this phrase to describe the effect we have on our environment.

He places the item in the center of the frame, forming a vignette around the sides by using a tungsten spotlight. This reflects a minimalist style by using a simple black background. He uses a low aperture in order to focus the forefront of the item, the rest disappearing into a dark blur in the background.

The simplicity of images in this series come as part of the conceptual movement, which Arnatt was such a big part of. Conceptual artists recognize that all art is essentially conceptual. In order to emphasize this, many Conceptual artists reduce the material presence of their work to an absolute minimum. Conceptual artists were influenced by the brutal simplicity of Minimalism, but they rejected Minimalism’s embrace of the conventions of sculpture and painting as mainstays of artistic production. For Conceptual artists, art does not need to look traditional or even take any physical form at all.

Lesson 5 Mock Essay Plan

Make a plan that lists what you are going to write about in each paragraph – essay structure.

  • Essay questionIn what way have Mandy Barker and Keith Arnatt explored Anthropocene (environmental issues) in their work?
  • Opening quote
  • Introduction (250-500 words): What is your area study? Which artists will you be analysing and why? How will you be responding to their work and essay question?

Human’s impact on the environment has been so severe that the earth is in a new age, Anthropocene. Photographers have taken it into their own hands to present the impacts of mankind on the environment in their works, leaving the rest of interpretation and action to the viewer. Mandy Barker often draws an audience in by presenting her work with an aesthetic of beauty which then contradicts and shocks them when they realise the true meaning, whereas Keith Arnatt gets straight to the point demonstrating the disgusting truth behind thrown away plastics, decaying foods and trashed toys. I chose to look at these artists specifically due to their non-conventional approaches, taking a more close perspective of individual aspects such as certain items found in a landfill or the effects of micro plastic pollutes on plankton at the bottom of the food chain, in turn impacting everything that feeds on them and further on. Being able to inspect rubbish items in the same way will allow me to develop insight into where these items come from and the narrative behind them as well as where they may end up (or should be prevented from ending up). Similarly to Mandy Barker, I want to take a scientific approach, figuratively and literally looking at items with the use of a microscope in order to look at the effects of rusting, decay and contamination of waste that I create as well as interesting objects that I find in the natural landscape.

  • Pg 1 (500 words): Historical/ theoretical context within art, photography and visual culture relevant to your area of study. Make links to art movements/ isms and some of the methods employed by critics and historian. 

Reference Anna Atkins first photobook and the cyanotype photographic process – scientific approach

Keith Arnatt uses Staged photography – choosing which pollutes to showcase in order to demonstrate the negative impacts on the environment, e.g. decayed items. The Minimalism style allows for the viewer to determine their own interpretation although it is bias when demonstrating pollution.

  • Pg 2 (500 words): Analyse first artist/photographer in relation to your essay question. Present and evaluate your own images and responses.

Mandy Barker’s work analyses micro plastic pollutes and their effects on plankton – which in turn impacts an entire food chain, being as they are the beginning of the chain.

  • Pg 3 (500 words): Analyse second artist/photographer in relation to your essay question. Present and evaluate your own images and responses.

Keith Arnatt’s close analysis of waste in his images provides the narrative for the deterioration of objects after they are thrown away.

Keith Arnatt photographs things that “everyone else thinks aren’t worth photographing” – this is clear proof that people don’t see waste as an issue, believing it should be ignored after it is gone. This is what creates the issue.

minimalistic style that allows for the viewer to determine their own interpretation although it is bias when demonstrating pollution.

  • Conclusion (250-500 words): Draw parallels, explore differences/ similarities between artists/photographers and that of your own work that you have produced

Similarities: Both provide a micro perspective of the key issue of pollution

Differences: Mandy Barker uses a scientific approach in both the research and presentation of her images

  • Bibliography: List all relevant sources used

Lesson 4 Mock Essay: Possible Questions

Hypothesis: Possible questions to investigate

Tableaux Photography / Cinema / Pictorialism:

Can staged photography really be considered as a form of factual documentary photography?

Documentary / Realism and Straight Photography:

Exploring the relationship between photography and realism with reference to……

Is it possible for photography to capture moments in time objectively and truthfully?

What is the relationship between photography and realism?

How can photography bear witness to the ways of life and events of the world?

Photography and Movement:

How do people control, interact and construct the environment in which they live?

Using these hypothesis examples, I have come up with my own possible example questions to investigate in my essay. These are shown below:

In what way have Mandy Barker and Keith Arnatt explored Anthropocene (environmental issues) in their work?

How can Mandy Barker’s photobook be compared to the first photobook by Anna Atkins?

Can staged photography be used as a method of emphasising environmental issues?

How can photography be used scientifically to…..

Lesson 3 Mock Essay: Academic Sources

Internet sources:

  • https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2018/04/plastic-marine-debrisby-mandy-barker/
  • https://www.port-magazine.com/art-photography/plastic-art-mandy-barker/
  • https://www.bjp-online.com/2015/09/keith-arnatt-the-conceptual-photographer-who-influenced-a-generation/

Interview:

  • https://photoworks.org.uk/interview-mandy-barker/#close-no
  • https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-humber-46222090/hull-artist-makes-pictures-from-waste-washed-up-on-beaches

Books:

  • Beyond Drifting: Imperfectly Known Animals by Mandy Barker

Lesson 2 Mock Essay: Contextual Studies – Harvard System of Referencing

“Have no fear of perfection – you’ll never reach it” (Salvador Dali in Barker 2017:36)

Bibliography:

Barker, M. (2017), Research Notes Beyond Drifting: Imperfectly Known Animals, London: Overlapse

https://www.widewalls.ch/staged-photography/

Cyanotype – the classic process

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Atkins

Showing the things we cannot see, an interview with Duane Michals

^originally from issue #2 of Buffalo Zine.

https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/m/minimalism

https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/conceptual-art

“I collect this seemingly awful rubbish and I intentionally make it visually beautiful so the viewer is drawn in to see beauty in the image. When they read what it is about, they get the hard-hitting stab in the back of what it represents.” – speaking to BBC news

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-humber-46222090/hull-artist-makes-pictures-from-waste-washed-up-on-beaches

“because we are not beyond putting an end to the problem – but we are beyond salvaging what is already out there”. – taken from the beyond drifting sketchbook

https://theconversation.com/how-photography-evolved-from-science-to-art-37146

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype

Artful Swirls of Plastic Marine Debris Documented in Images by Photographer Mandy Barker

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/aug/27/keith-arnatt-photography-exhibition-spruth-magers-absence-of-the-artist

Lesson 1 Mock Essay: Review and Reflection

My intentions with this project are to present the impacts humans have on the environment on a micro scale – selectively photographing small pieces of waste that I either create myself or that I find.

Describe which themes, artists, approaches, skills and photographic processes/ techniques inspired you the most and why.

I am strongly inspired by the works of Mandy Barker, who takes a biological approach in her work. In the style of scientific illustrations and microscope images, she uses small bits of plastic waste to explain the damage we create, even on a microscopic scale.

I want to present my imagery in the style of biological illustrations by scientists such as Ernst Haeckel.

Another inspiration is Keith Arnatt.

Chrystel Lebas Response 2

This is one of my favourite images as it is minimalistic yet powerful due to the strong presence of colour in the centre of the image. This occurred due to the use of flash when taking my images. The white paper had turned black after inverting the image. The toothbrush represents a lifestyle of disposable items, used a few times before being thrown away, in some cases not being recycled and ending up in the environment.

The colour scheme of orange and black is eye-catching in these images.

The negative space in these images gives an ocean-like effect, ironically being filled with plastic items.

Chrystel Lebas Response

To edit my images, I inverted them then adjusted contrast and brightness to enhance details. I chose to change the hues in some images to reflect the style of “Plant Portraits or Weeds & Aliens Studies”.

 

As Lebas labels her photograms with a filtration value and exposure time, I decided to label my images with RGB values noting the percentage of each colour used to create the hue. I wrote the name of the objects in italics like it would be written if it were a binomial name, general species name: plastic

In one image, I took plastic items and arranged them to form the silhouette of a plant to represent how plastics can destroy an environment.

Other edits I made:

 

Chrystel Lebas

Chrystel’s “Plant Portraits or Weeds & Aliens Studies” is inspired by Edward Salisbury’s approach of documenting species. Lebas takes each plant directly placing it onto colour photographic paper in a darkroom under an enlarger light. She alters the colour of filtration on the enlarger in turn changing the way that the species appears on the paper. Each filtration value and exposure time is annotated alongside the photogram.

Plant Portraits or Weeds & Aliens Studies, 2013-

Pictured above is the species, Fallopia japonica (commonly known as Japanese Knotweed). She chose this species as Salisbury had previously carried out extensive research described in his book, Weeds and Aliens. The species is illegal to plant and come into contact with in the UK. Yet originally this plant was brought over as an exotic import. The shifting of meaning and classification over time fascinated Lebas becoming a thread of her new work.

“For most of history the only criterion by which human beings judged other species was their usefulness but,
in recent centuries, other dimensions became important so that certain species came to be valued for their attractiveness, their novelty or their
potential for game sport.”

– Charles Warren (2009), Managing Scotland’s Environment

Similarly, Animated Nature uses similar techniques of placing species onto photographic paper in this case to form photograms of bird silhouettes.

Animated Nature, 2009, Unique Chromogenic photograms, 40 x 50 cm

Image Analysis

Between about 1907 and 1938, armed with a camera and a notebook, Edward Salisbury worked in four geographical areas: Arrochar, in Argyll and Bute, south-west Scotland; Rothiemurchus Forest, an estate in the Highlands near Aviemore; Culbin Sands, a long spit of sand along the southern shore of the Moray Firth; and Blakeney Point in Norfolk, where as a student Salisbury had made a study of the vegetation, which is now a nature reserve. In 2011, Lebas set off in Salisbury’s footsteps. Using both a medium format and a panoramic camera, and with GPS to help her establish the same locations, she focused, as he had, on three subject areas: habitat, locality and specimens. Through working on this project Lebas has learnt to identify species and types of plants and became immersed in a world of classification.

The images appear flat where the silhouette of dead birds float above a dark surface. These mummified birds were found in Houghton Hall’s attic (Norfolk). Fallen from chimneys, the birds had died there due to being trapped. In the above image, the bones of a Long Heared owl can be seen.

The images show a negative colouring due to the process of using photographic paper where the pure white areas show solid parts of the birds body.

Lebas prefers to work at night, or at twilight when the world becomes more mysterious. “I was fascinated by night itself, by the absence of light and the impossibility of photographing”. “I was interested in challenging how I used the cameras, but also challenging the landscape.” Although not presenting a night landscape, this project uses a colour scheme that still reflects the mysterious feel shown in Chrystel Lebas’ other projects.

Overall, the series questions our relationship to the animal’s death and death in nature as a whole.

Mandy Barker Response 2

My Edits

In Photoshop, I drew around the outline of all items with the select tool in order to place them on one black background. I altered the size and rotation of items to give perspective. In the above image, I placed all items that consisted of plastic material.

To eliminate more black space, I took the items of one image and placed them over the other.

I also liked the look of some of the items when they were on their own as although they were minimalistic, they encouraged the viewer to imagine the stories behind these items.