What is Typology?

The term typology refers to the study of different types. Typology can be used across all industries and disciplines including theology, anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, psychology, politics, education, medicine, farming and more.

Throughout the modern era, photography has been enlisted to classify the world and its people. Driven by a belief in the scientific objectivity of photographic evidence, the logics utilized to classify photographs-in groups and categories or sequences of identically organized images-also shape our visual consciousness. In the twenty-first-century, new digital technologies and globalization have radically transformed the applications of photography, making the reconsideration of photographic information systems ever more urgent.

Focal Length

Focal length is the basic description of a photographic lens. The focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of the photo will be and the higher the magnification. The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of the photo will be and the lower the magnification.

Focal length is how far in/out the lens on the camera is zoomed. It essentially  crops part of an image out so it isn’t in your final product. Below is a table I found of different ways you can use focal length and what length best suits what environment/style of photography.

What is and how do we Focus?

An image that is completely sharp is said to be in-focus. An image that’s completely blurry is said to be unfocused. In order for a camera to create a focused image, it takes light and runs it through a lens, concentrating the rays on the image sensor inside. The size of the hole the light travels through (the aperture) determines how focused those rays are once they hit the sensor. Smaller holes do a better job of focusing light than larger holes. The focus can be changed automatically or manually depending on how the settings are set on the camera.

There are a lot of situations where you don’t really want the entire image to be in focus. Backgrounds tend to get in the way, and they will distract the viewer from the point you are trying to make. Portraits, look a lot better when the background is somewhat out of focus as well as macro photos too.

Furthermore, it is simply harder to draw attention to things that don’t stand out on their own. When we focus our eyes, we do something similar. You might not notice it, but everything else in your peripheral vision appears a little more hazy or blury. Most of the time, only one part of photographers images should be truly sharp and the rest a little fuzzy so the sharp part stands out.

Range of focus points

There are a variety of different focus points in which can be used in photography. On a DSLR camera you can manually select your focus point using the grid in the image below. each rectangular square represents a focus point and by selecting a certain focus point your camera will mainly concentrate on focusing that area of the picture.

These images clearly show a range of focus points and how the different focus points have an effect on the image, whether it just draws your eyes to a different point in the photograph or tells a different story.

Using focus points i decided to experiment myself. These pictures were taken at the exact same angle and zoom length. The only difference is the focus point.

How do you achieve Bokeh Photography?

To achieve the bokeh affect you will have to Set your camera to Aperture Priority mode. Select the smallest possible aperture (f) number for your lens. Switch your camera to manual focus and manually adjust the focus ensure the whole image is completely out of focus. Zoom your lens to wherever best will suit the photograph.

Examples of Bokeh Photography

This effect is called colour overlaying, achieved by:

1. Selecting an area of your image that you want to adapt
2. Add a colour overlay from your layers panel
3. Reducing the opacity to the appropriate amount or using the blending options
4. Finally, using Free Transform (CTRL T) to rotate, move or change the shape of your new overlay

How to use Focus Points.

To get your images to be crisp, or to allow  the camera and lens work together to change the distance of the lens from the sensor or film in order to control where the captured light converges.

There are many different types of focus points, you can change these focus points on your camera with a button or by selecting them on the screen, the image below will come up on the camera, this shows the range of points in which you can focus your camera on.

The focal length of the lens is the distance between the lens and the image sensor when the subject is in focus, usually stated in millimeters eg. 28 mm, 50 mm, or 100 mm). In the case of zoom lenses, both the minimum and maximum focal lengths are stated, for example 18–55 mm

How do you know when to use focal length ? 

Focal length is how far in/out the lens on the camera is zoomed. It  crops part of an image out so it isn’t in the final product/image.

In photography, bokeh  is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in the out-of-focus parts of an image produced by a lens .Bokeh has been defined as “the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light”. Differences in lens aberrations and aperture shape cause some lens designs to blur the image in a way that is pleasing to the eye, while others produce blurring that is unpleasant or distracting—”good” and “bad” bokeh, respectively.

Bokeh occurs for parts of the scene that lie outside the depth of field. Photographers sometimes deliberately use a shallow focus technique to create images with prominent out-of-focus regions.

They way that bokeh is created is by focusing the camera on an object in the fore ground of the image and having lights in the back ground of the image, by focusing the camera in the foreground image it creates as shallow depth of filed thus causing the lights in the background to blur creating the bokeh.

Definiton

In photography the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects giving a focused image.

What is Depth of Field

Depth of field is the zone of acceptable sharpness within a photo that will appear in focus. This zone will vary from photo to photo. Some images may have very small zones of focus which is called shallow depth of field. Others may have a very large zone of focus which is called deep depth of field. Three main factors that will affect how you control the depth of field of your images are aperture, distance from the subject to the camera, and focal length of the lens on your camera

Depth of field (DOF), also called focus range or effective focus range, is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image.  A camera can only focus its lens at a single point, but there will be an area that stretches in front of and behind this focus point that still appears sharp. This zone is known as the depth of field. It’s not a fixed distance, it changes in size and can be described as either shallow or deep.

Because depth of field has an impact on both the aesthetic and technical quality of a picture. Sometimes you’ll want to use an extensive depth of field in order to keep everything sharp.

A classic example is when you’re photographing a landscape, where generally the most desirable outcome is to capture detail from the foreground to the horizon.

Other times, a shallow depth of field will be preferable. It enables you to blur background and foreground details, causing distractions to melt away and allowing you to direct viewers to the focal point in a picture.

Aperture

Aperture refers to the access given to light from the lens to the camera sensors. The size of your aperture controls the amount of light entering the lens of the camera. Using aperture is the simplest way to control your depth of field as you set up your shot. The lower the f-number, the smaller your depth of field, meaning less of the image will be in focus. On the other hand, the higher the f-number the larger the depth of field should be and most of the picture will be in focus.

Distance from your subject

The closer your subject is to the camera, the shallower your depth of field becomes. Therefore, moving further away from your subject will deepen your depth of field.