CONTEXTUAL STUDY 1: PICTORIALISM

“AS MUSIC IS ONLY SOUND UNDER GOVERNANCE OF CERTAIN LAWS, SO IS PICTORIAL EFFECT ONLY THE COMBINATION OF CERTAIN FORMS AND LIGHTS AND SHADOWS IN LIKE MANNER HARMONIOUSLY BROUGHT TOGETHER.” – Henry Peach Robinson

Pictorialists took the medium of photography and reinvented it as an art form, placing beauty, tonality, and composition above creating an accurate visual record. Through their creations, the movement aimed to elevate photography to the same level as painting and have it recognized as such by galleries and other artistic institutions. A Pictorialist photograph is usually taken to mean an image that has been manipulated in some way to increase its artistic impact. Common themes within the style are the use of soft focus, color tinting, and visible manipulation such as composite images or the addition of brushstrokes. Photography was invented in the late 1830s and was initially considered to be a way in which to produce purely scientific and representational images. This began to change from the 1850s when advocates such as the English painter William John Newton suggested that photography could also be artistic. The Pictorialist movement was at its most active between 1885 and 1915 and during its heyday it had an international reach with centers in England, France, and the USA. Pictorialists used a range of darkroom techniques to produce images that allowed them to express their creativity, utilizing it to tell stories, replicate mythological or biblical scenes, and to produce dream-like landscapes.

Pictorialism was closely linked to prevailing artistic movements, as the photographers took inspiration from popular art, adopting its styles and ideas to demonstrate similarity between it and photography. Movements that were particularly influential were Tonalism, Impressionism and, in some instances, Victorian genre painting. Pictorialists were the first to present the case for photography to be classed as art and in doing so they initiated a discussion about the artistic value of photography as well as a debate about the social role of photographic manipulation. Both of these matters are still contested today and they have been made ever more relevant in the last decades through the increasing use of Photoshop in advertising and on social media. The movement led to great innovation in the field of photography with a number of the photographers associated with it responsible for developing new techniques to further their artistic vision. This laid the foundations for later advances in color photography and other technical processes.

BERND AND HILLA BECHER

typology/tʌɪˈpɒlədʒi/nounnoun: typology; plural noun: typologies

  1. a classification according to general type, especially in archaeology, psychology, or the social sciences.
    • study or analysis using a classification according to a general type.

Bernhard “Bernd” Becher and Hilla Becher were German conceptual artists and photographers working as a collaborative duo. They are best known for their extensive series of photographic images, or typologies, of industrial buildings and structures, often organised in grids. For over 40 years, Bernd and Hilla Becher photographed the architecture of industrialisation: water towers, coal bunkers, blast furnaces, gas tanks and factories. They did so in an obsessively formalist way that defined a style, and made them one of the most dominant influences in contemporary European photography and art. Their work had a documentary style as their images were always taken in black and white, however, their photographs never included people. Both subjects addressed the effect of industry on economy and the environment. “I became aware that these buildings [blast furnaces] were a kind of nomadic architecture which had a comparatively short life—maybe 100 years, often less, then they disappear,” the artists said of their work. “It seemed important to keep them in some way and photography seemed the most appropriate way to do that.” They began collaborating together in 1959 after meeting at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf in 1957. Bernd originally studied painting and then typography, whereas Hilla had trained as a commercial photographer. After two years collaborating together, they married. As the founders of what has come to be known as the ‘Becher school’ or the ‘Düsseldorf School’ they influenced generations of documentary photographers and artists and have been awarded the Erasmus Prize and the Hasselblad Award.


“WE DON’T AGREE WITH THE DEPICTION OF BUILDINGS IN THE ‘20S AND 1930S. THINGS WERE SEEN EITHER FROM ABOVE OR BELOW WHICH TENDED TO MONUMENTALIZE THE OBJECT. THIS WAS EXPLOITED IN TERMS OF A SOCIALISTIC VIEW—A FRESH VIEW OF THE WORLD, A NEW MAN, A NEW BEGINNING.” – Bernd Becher


CHAOS EDITS AND SHOOT

ANYLSIS: This shoot of Chaos, was once again one of my three main original starting points. I wanted to still experiment within the theme of chaos for a short period, as I belive it is fascinating the reactions and effect of the hypodermic needle is to audiences, and how one persons actions can effect the actions of so many more. The influence of what we see within the media and how this not only influences our own acts, but the influence of our mind set is significant. With the continuous promotion of only negative news, their comes a time where this negativity creates an illusion that this is the whole premis of what their is within the world, and a false reality of the vast majority of the world is a bad place filled with bad people. Hovwer I want to break free form this idea and create a sense of emotional vulnerability within these images. I have spoken previously about exploring a sense of exposing the true emotions and feeling of myself and others, considering what we fine beautiful and what we view most important with others and ourselves. I belive many people hide their emotional state and have a tendency to only show a false sense of their feelings, especially towards the news. The news and chaos within the media is to my mind a from of the elephant in the room, we know it is their and we justify its news given yet I do feel it negatively effects us as a collective. This is a set of images where I wanted to cover each image with many others all expressing a different over- exaggeration of emotions, in order to create an aspect of importance and relevance to our justify our feelings. The effect of the editing of the amount of opulence you se in each image and how you are able to see all the layers and feel a movement to the image, almost personifies the world chaos into an image itself. I belive this Is why I find this shoot so interesting, not just the outcomes, but the original importance of the shoot itself. I could create a juxtaposition from these images and how what we should see and feel in the world with an accurate representation of emotions for people. A contrast of hate to love, and negativity to positivity. Life should not be so concentrated by a monopoly of negative issues, but a celebration of the beauty and experience others are having in the world around us.

Artist Research: August Sander

August Sander, born 17 November 1876 – 20 April 1964, was a German portrait and documentary photographer. Sander’s first book Face of our time was published in 1929. Sander has been described as “the most important German portrait photographer of the early twentieth century.”

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Sander was born in Herdorf, the son of a carpenter working in the mining industry. While working at a local mine, Sander first learned about photography by assisting a photographer who was working for a mining company. With financial support from his uncle, he bought photographic equipment and set up his own darkroom.

He spent his military service (1897–99) as a photographer’s assistant and the next years wandering across Germany. In 1901, he started working for a photo studio in Linz, Austria, eventually becoming a partner (1902), and then its sole proprietor (1904). He left Linz at the end of 1909 and set up a new studio in Cologne.

In 1911, Sander began with the first series of portraits for his work People of the 20th Century.

His work includes landscape, nature, architecture, and street photography, but he is best known for his portraits, as exemplified by his series People of the 20th Century. In this series, he aims to show a cross-section of society during the Wiemar Republic. The series is divided into seven sections: The Farmer, The Skilled Tradesman, Woman, Classes and Professions, The Artists, The City, and The Last People (homeless persons, veterans, etc.). By 1945, Sander’s archive included over 40,000 images.

Image Analysis

I haven chosen this photograph of Sanders to analyse because this photograph is a similar style to the type I want to photograph in my third photoshoot, a model in a open natural landscape. I like this photograph because the backdrop of the fields creates an interesting effect in the way that the fields create a very nateral backdrop, its very simple and allows as much attention on its self as the model, creating a perfect balance. The model is an interesting factor in the photograph, oppose to being stood still, lifeless, he is stood in an intriguing pose, creating a more engaging photograph. The texture of the mud creates a noticeable contrast within its self and the model and fields, dividing the photograph into sections, allowing there to be more to look at within the photograph. In conclusion this photograph is simple but engaging and similar to what I hope to photograph myself for my project.

4 SHOOT PLAN

Shoot 1: Trees

My first Variation and Similarity photo-shoot will be based around the typology of trees. I will experiment with presenting my images in a grid format in the style of Bernd and Hilla Becher. As I am looking at the variations and similarities within the landscapes around me, and zooming in close on the environment, trees are a good subject as they show diversity within their origin, patterns of bark, size, form etc.

Shoot 2: Flowers / Leaves

My second shoot will aim to capture the variety of leaves and flowers within nature’s woodland and coastline. This shoot will focus on the variation aspect of my project and highlight the range of natural objects and the sublime beauty they hold. I will photograph the vibrant, summer leaves and flowers and the contrasting duller autumnal leaves to highlight the different products of seasons.

Shoot 3: Clouds

Clouds are an interesting topic of the natural world as they show such diversity depending on the given weather. I will hope to capture images of the sky during storm, rainy weather and juxtapose these photographs with ones taken at calmer, serene times.

Shoot 4: Water

For my 4th shoot, I will look at water; the forms, patterns and colours. I will edit a number of my photographs in the style of Hiroshi Sugimoto in black and white, exploring a deeper conceptual meaning behind water and the spiritual notions behind his work. Places I will visit will include St Ouen’s bay and Plemont.

GIF

The graphics interchange format (GIF) is a bitmap image forma that was developed by a team at the online services provider CompuServe led by an American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15 1987. It has since come to widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and potability. Giffs are  less suitable for reproducing color photographs and other images with color gradients, but it is well-suited for simpler images such as graphics or logos with solid areas of color.

Typologies

What are typologies?

Typology is the study of types, and a photographic typology in a set of images or related forms, shot in a consistent, repetitive way.

Bernd and Hilla Becher

The couple where conceptual artists and photographer who worked together. They were best known for their extensive series of photographic images, or typologies, of industrial buildings and structures, often organised in grids.

Each series of images are capturing typologies, types of things. Each image is taken from the same perspective, angle and distance from the subject, this is an essential reason for why the series’ are so effective. All the images in each series have something in common which links them together, for example the images below the darkest part of the image is always in the middle of the building.

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John Baldessari

John Baldessari (born June 17, 1931) is an American conceptual artist living and working in Santa Monica and Venice. Baldessari was initially a painter with his early major works being canvas paintings that were empty but for painted statements coming from contemporary art theory. Baldessari’s work ‘Painting for Kubler’ presented the viewer with theoretical intructions on how to view it as well as the importance of the context within his previous works. referenced art historian George Kubler’s book ‘The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things’.

In 1970 Baldessari and some friends burnt all of his paintings created over 13 years to create a new piece, titled ‘The Cremation Project’ and baked the ashes from the paintings into cookies then placed them into an urn leading to an art installation consisting of a bronze commemorative plaque with the destroyed paintings’ birth and death dates, as well as a recipe for making the cookies. Through this project Baldessari drew a connection between atistic practice and the human life cycle.

Baldessari began to experiment with bringing texts and photo into his canvases and then later began to work in printmaking, film, video, sculpture and photography in the 1970’s. His work shows the narrative potential of images and often incorporates language within his art. His art has been featured in more than 200 solo exhibitions in the US and Europe and has influenced artists such as Cindy Sherman.

Many of Baldessari’s works are sequences showing attempts to accomplish an arbitrary goal – an example of this is Throwing Three Balls in the Air to Get a Straight Line (1973) in which Baldessari attempts to do exactly as the title describes and then photographed the results. This project is an early-example of post-conceptual art. Another example of Baldessari’s work that links to post-conceptual art is when he used circular adhesive dots to cover up the faces of subjects which led to him being known as ‘the guy who puts dots over peoples faces’ – the inspiration for this work came from the brightly coloured price-stickers seen on sale items. As part of an experiment coming under the title ‘Play’ I responded to Baldessari’s post-conceptual work; this experiment drew inspiration from both ‘Throwing Three Balls in the Air to Get a Straight Line’ and his work with brightly coloured dots as I attempted to capture three balls in a straight line as Baldessari did. I used the idea of throwing balls in the air to bring in inspiration from Baldessari’s work with brightly coloured dots by throwing a bright yellow dodgeball into the air to contrast with the dark grey sky in the background – this created the same effect as Baldessari’s work by creating an abstract composition that has high contrast between colours and backgrounds.

“Cutting Ribbon, Man In Wheelchair, Paintings (Version

On his work with placing colourful retail stickers over photographs, Baldessari says “I just got so tired of looking at these faces… If you can’t see their face, you’re going to look at how they’re dressed, maybe their stance, their surroundings” which supports the view that Baldessari’s motivations behind this work was to force the viewer to view the photograph or subject in an unconventional way, a feature often attributed with post-conceptualism. When asked why Baldessari only leaves the mundane parts of the photograph, as the face is the most interesting part, Baldessari responds “I think you really sort of dig beneath the surface and you can see what that photograph is really about, what’s going on”

Post conceptualism is an art theory that builds upon the legacy of conceptual art in contemporary art, where the concepts involved take a bit more priority over the traditional concern for aesthetics. The term first came into art through the influence of Baldessari in the 1970’s through his work Throwing Three Balls in the Air to Get a Straight Line. The movement focused on the idea behind the art and questioned the traditional role of the object.

WILLIAM YE STUDIO SHOOT 2

INSPIRATION: My inspiration for this shoot was both the combination of William ye, which is evident, And how he uses a large jar and conceptually takes images of people through it in order to extend and manipulate their faces and make a more abstract representation of people and their emotional wellbeing. However, my other inspiration is a much more abstract and once again fine art related artist, who presses faces up against jars, and then paints and manipulates the images themselves in order to create a much more worked into and unique colour and composition.

WHERE NEXT: As this artist, clearly works and edit more into their work, I believe next I should experiment with developing these images further, and possibly even doing so with the intent of creating a small representation and grid of the images similar to above. Due to these shoots being a-lot more dark and brutal to my current theme exploring the essence of beauty, I belive I should connect this shoot with the media and the relation of emotional well being linking to chaos in the news. And how we should ignore this to see the beauty within the world.

Modernism Vs Post-Modernism

POST-MODERNISM AND MODERNISM

Postmodernism was a reaction against modernism. Modernism was generally based on idealism and a utopian vision of human life and society and a belief in progress. It assumed that certain ultimate universal principles or truths such as those formulated by religion or science could be used to understand or explain reality. Modernist artists experimented with form, technique and processes rather than focusing on subjects, believing they could find a way of purely reflecting the modern world. It is generally very simple and non decorative. Modern art rejected tradition so it looked very different to anything anyone had seen before.

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While modernism was based on idealism and reason, postmodernism was born of scepticism and a suspicion of reason. It challenged the notion that there are universal certainties or truths. Postmodern art drew on philosophy of the mid to late twentieth century, and advocated that individual experience and interpretation of our experience was more concrete than abstract principles. While the modernists championed clarity and simplicity; postmodernism embraced complex and often contradictory layers of meaning. Cultural identity was a big part of postmodernism, with people realizing that modernism was dominated by straight white men. Within post modern art, it is popular to include quotes or words on their art since it fits with the idea of questioning things. There are no rules about what postmodern art is but there tends to be a lot of contrasting and questioning. The works of post modernism are often abstract and somewhat strange. There is an objective to display that everyone has different reality and there is such thing as human nature instead of nurture.

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The modernist approach links to my previous studies of Sugimoto and Monet’s Hay Stacks that focus on mainly the depiction of light and how it shapes the environment. Rather than focusing on subjects these artists use lighting and textures as a way of reflecting the modern world.

Modern Art

Time Period – From 1450 – 1960

Gender Spread – Most of the artists in the modern times were male

Mindset – Go with the ideas in every way

Influence – Political and society pressure

Postmodern Art

Time Period – From 1960 to present

Gender Spread – Mixture of both

Mindset – Question the changes and movinf towards new ones quickly

Influence – Free of any pressures

In the Modern work, whatever the meaning was given by the writer was considered to be the only meaning but in postmodern times, people tend to make their own mind and deduce the idea according to their will. In modern era people tended to enjoy the modernism but in the postmodern era, people are questioning the changes and moving towards new ones quickly. Arts in the modern times was influenced by political and society pressure while the postmodern art is free from all those factors.