Finally, the last concept sequencing through my photographic study is the word ‘fate.’ This can also be interpreted in both Laia Abril’s and Phillip Toledo’s projects. The word fate can be described in various ways such as: ‘the development of events outside a person’s control, regarded as predetermined by a supernatural power’ or ‘be destined to happen, turn out, or act in a particular way.’ The word fate can also be referred to the Greek and Roman mythology about the three goddesses who preside over the birth and life of humans. Each person was thought of as a spindle, around which the three Fates. These were Clotho, which is seen as the one who spins the thread of life, Lachesis, which determines how long one lives, and Atropos, which decides when individuals die and how. They all spin the thread of human destiny. Abril and Toledano look at fate in a alike way as it references to the fate of a person’s life.

In Toledano’s project ‘Days with my father’ he refers to the fate of his father. Memory loss frequently comes with old age, but can this be seen as fate or a result of previous life choices? Another one of Toledano’s project entitled ‘Maybe’, this where he decided to confront his fears of death and aging, by photographing his “future self” in various stages he could imagine himself experiencing at the end of his life. Toledano began by taking a DNA test to determine illnesses he was likely to get. He consulted with fortune-tellers, hypnotists, and researched insurance company statistics. He then sought the help of Adam Morrow, who specialises in makeup and prosthetics. Toledano himself feels we as humans do not have control over our fate as he admits “When my mother died, it made me realise that you don’t have any control over your destiny at all,” This is reflected in his project as he shows different ways in which his life could turn out in years to come, indicating there is a equal possibility of all of these as his fate is out of his hands. There was various versions of photograph, showing his ‘future self’ for example ‘Office job’, a photograph where he sits in a office chair with stacks of paper behind him, forming the background. This contrasts with other images made within the book such as a photograph entitled ‘plastic surgery’ where he appears to have had his facial structure modified as he stands in a suit and bow tie, suggesting he is someone important. He described this as seeing himself as an old man. “I would envision failure and loneliness. I would be invisible. Unable to walk. Obese. I would suffer a stroke. I would lose myself. I would slip sideways, into the irrelevant.I would see my own death.” Our experiences could be seen as something out of our control as our life is planned for us and supports the debate of determinism vs free will. The idea of free will is the concept which believes we make our own choices in life, these choices result in consequences and these consequences are our path in life. This juxtaposes against the belief Toledano has on the outcome of lives, but is a notion many people who don’t follow religion would adopt. This theory is supported by science, research found discovered that lifestyle and poor health choices early in life not only affect memory later in life, but also affect memory among younger adults as well.  A study conducted by UCLA has shown that if you are depressed; don’t get enough exercise; have lower education levels or have high blood pressure, you may notice that memory loss is becoming an issue at any age, specially in later life. This revelation indicates life choices can in fact affect your later life. This image by Toledano entitled ‘Drunk again’ can be a interpreted in both of these ways. The background of the image is mostly dark with faded lights in the distance, which almost looks like bokeh. This is a photography technique is the way the lens renders out of focus at points of light. This background attracts the eyes naturally to the man himself, which is clearly a staged image, made to look like an action shot of a drunk man. His face and the top of his head is wet, suggesting it had been or was raining. His hair is thin, which is a sign of alcohol abuse and his left eye is bleeding, implying he has fallen over or been in a fight as a result of being drunk. He is dressed in a suit, suggesting he has a well respected or professional job. This photograph proposes that the man is not happy in his life or job and often abuses alcohol to relieve his pain and forget about how unhappy he is. He looks almost disappointed with himself but can’t stop, expressed through the word again after drunk in the title. This could be seen as a tableaux image, based on a true situation and presented as a documentary image. Was he always going to be an alcoholic or did he choose this path? The argument is if his experiences were planned, leading to this alcohol abuse,  this be seen as fate, which is out of his control or did he chose what he did in his life, making decisions for himself including becoming an alcoholic?  Toledano would argue it is fate and we will never know our future or what will happen to us further down the line.

“The future became a shadowed landscape, filled with uncertain paths 
and ruinous storms”- Phillip Toledano

Similarly, Laia Abril looks at the fate of Cammy’s life and whether her death was due to fate or poor decisions throughout her life.  The experiences she faced growing up might have been seen as fate, experiences Cammy herself had no control over or it could be seen as the choices and experiences within her life were chosen by Cammy. For this specific project it is up to interpretation of the viewer. After researching into eating disorders I found some shocking statistics such as:  “The mortality rate associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death rate of ALL causes of death for females 15 – 24 years old.” And: “20% of people suffering from anorexia will prematurely die from complications related to their eating disorder, including suicide and heart problems”.  This figures were taken from the South Carolina department of mental health.  Personally, I feel it is a choice to stop eating knowing the damage being done. However, the experiences that lead to Cammy feeling like she had to do this was not Cammy’s choices but fate as no one has control over the experiences you face. But it is the way you react to these experiences which makes it a decision. An image made by Abril which I feel is immensely powerful is of an object. This object is weighing scale, which displays the weight of your body. This object could be seen as the reason for Cammy’s death as she would have never been satisfied with the number on the scales. This would have led to her neglecting her food and this resulted in her to become Bulimic. This means she would binge eat in a short amount of time and then through it up. This was in efforts to lose weight to be ‘slim’ and achieve her unrealistic goals. The scales in the photograph would have been a huge part of her daily life as she would have probably used these to track how much weight she had lost and would continue until she was happy with her weight, the sad thing about Bulimia is that it’s extremely difficult to stop when you have started. To think that her being unhappy with her body image, led to that is saddening. The lighting is clearly artificial as it has a white tone to it, which empathises the white scales, making the viewers eyes attracted to them. It is taken in a bird line view to show the scales how Cammy would have seen them as she stepped on them when weighing herself. This would be a object of Cammy’s, which the people who loved her would have hated and therefore does not provide a good memory of Cammy like other objects might have. This photograph represents her pain.

The debate about fate relates to my own study as the idea about our destiny or path is already set out for us, which is a big belief within my family. However, some of my granddads lifestyle choices could have affected his health resulting in two strokes later on in his life. These could have been: lack of a good diet and nutrition; lack of physical exercise; tobacco use and alcohol. My granddad used to drink a lot, especially in his younger days, he lacked physical exercise when he hit his 30’s and his diet consisted of a lot of meat and very little vegetables. These factors could have been the reason or a contribution to the reason he had these strokes. However, it could have just been fate, something he could not have controlled in anyway and this is the belief my granddad and family believe in, fate.

Photography is capable of capturing emotions and feelings which can then be understood by other people when looking at images. Photographs allow photographers to capture moments which an outsider would not be able to witness, which is a key theme of my own personal study.  Feelings and emotions are subjective as each of us may feel differently when we view an image but usually there is a general message or meaning behind most photographs which can be universally read and interpreted in a similar way. The key themes running through my personal study are centred on three words, which have been introduced already: absence, fate and change.

The word absence can be defined as the state of being away from a place or person, an occasion or period of being away from a place or person or the non-existence or lack of something. Absence in my own work relates to the absence of people within my granddad’s life  and the absence of a good quality life. This could be taken literally such as the absence of his eye/eye sight or the absence of friends and family he has lost. But also more metaphorical absence such as the loss of hope and lack of motivation my granddad feels or how lost he feels as a person as he recognises change. Within both Phillip Toledano’s and Laia Abril’s work, use an element of absence in their photographs and investigations. When looking at the inspirations into why Toledano decided to produce the project ‘Days with my father’ I found it was due to absence or loss of his mother, who suddenly died in 2006. After she died, he realised how much she had been shielding him from his father’s mental state. As an attempt to re-connection and develop a new relationship with his father, he made this project which shows the saddening effects of Phillip’s mother’s absence on the family, especially focusing on his father. While making  the project the Toledano learnt about the illness his father faced and also what his mother had dealt with previously before her death. He realised the significance of his illness when the death of his wife was a shock to him, asking ‘Why did no one tell me?’ and ‘Why didn’t you take me to her funeral?’ After a while, he couldn’t keep reminding him about her death as he described ‘ it was killing both of us to constantly re-live her death.’ His father had short-term memory loss, so there was an absence of his memory which Toledano and his father found difficult to cope with as he was forgetting vital memories of his own life. Toledano often found notes, which his father would write to remind himself of things he could remember. He also found notes from his father explaining how he felt lost and scared, which was a coping strategy his father adopted to manage this absence. In the image we can see a A4 notebook, as well as a blue pen which is slightly diagonal. The notebook has writing on it, which I assume is his fathers as it reads “Where is Helene? Phillip? Ralph? Everybody?” The book is placed on what looks like a bedside table, which also has a photo frame containing a photograph and a lamp which projects light onto the page to reveal the text, which means the light in the photograph is artificial lighting. This image shows his father’s confusion and frustration caused my his memory loss, which gives the viewers an insight to his father’s thought processes and creates evidence of this. Personally, I really like this image as I like how we are made aware of his feelings and thoughts. This can be seen as a documentary image, which is the style of most of the images within his project. Coping strategies and showing the effects of absence is a key theme throughout my project.

Similarly, Laia Abril also tackles absence in her work, particularly in her project ‘The Epilogue.’ Again she is looking at the effects of absence on a family, who lost their daughter to Bulimia. She does this in a form of an interview or discussion with family members and close friends as they discuss Tammy and her illness, an example of this is a close friend writes “I spent so many years trying to make her better, trying to fix her.” This is her reflecting on her life with Cammy and explaining how she tried to help Cammy, however it’s too late as well as admitting coping mechanisms to help them grieve. Her father says ” I still cannot bear to listen to music: we all mourn in different ways.” Furthermore, Abril also explores memories of her presence as we all invent and reinvent our memories of the past every day of our lives as Sigmund Freud told us that “the answer to our confusion were locked in the secret drawers of our past, Photography, then,provides us with the documents.” I feel this is a strong quote relating to this as if our past is documented it can not be changed or manipulated, which means archival photographs will give an insight to Cammy’s life before she developed her illness to help draw conclusions on why or how this may of occurred. Abril does this by including archival imagery as well as taking photographs of objects, which would have belonged to Cammy such as the weighing scale, which would have been a significant part of her life as she tackled Bulimia. These archival images also act as snapshots of memories of Cammy’s life or childhood. There are also sections of text describing events, which had taken place in her life at previous periods of Cammy’s life. An example of this would be a short paragraph, which explained “As teens, I knew my atomic bomb to drop on her when she was getting after me was to call her fat, but she would never admit it hurt her.” This could have been the trigger to Bulimia, which could be seen as an absence of self-esteem and confidence within her own body, leading to her illness, which resulted in her death. This image is an archival photograph, which has been taken previously in her childhood of Cammy in a swimsuit sat next to a swimming pool, smiling. In the book the image is presented as a full bleed image, which really emphasises the image. The image itself looks like it has been taken in natural sun lighting as you can see where the sun is at its strongest as it lightens up parts of the image. This image shows Cammy as she was before her illness, which enables the viewers to make a comparison. In my own study I had also looked at the cause or trigger for the strokes as well as looking at memories.

How do the artists Viviane Sassen and Michal Konrad  use the human body to physically express hidden emotions?

“ I run in my thoughts, in my head.
The influx of false thoughts.
I am looking for one true thought.
Which will let me fall asleep on time.”- Michal Konrad

The depiction of the Human body has been a reality since the origins of photography. The body is used to force the viewer to think critically about contemporary political, cultural, sexual, gender, and socio-economic issues. There is a large amount of work depicting the human body in very different ways. It’s used as a tool to express what can’t be said in a photograph. It’s a physical visualization of unearthed emotions. Although photograph’s fail to capture people’s voices, many psychologists believe that non-verbal communications reveal much more than words.  The Diverse representation of the body has inspired many contemporary artists, including the photographers Viviane Sassen and Michal Konrad. Both these photographers use the human body to represent the process of the mind.  Some contemporary photographers explore the possibilities by fragmenting the body in order to express their concerns. The surrealist photographers disturb the viewer in order to provoke a reflection in the Modern World. Within my essay I will be discussing how photographers over time have changed their perspective of the human body. They have created a unique angle of what they view the human body to represent. The historical photographers that I will be comparing are Rebecca Horn and Francesca Woodman.These women don’t simply just take images of the body; they distort it in some way to create their twisted realities. Both these women are from challenging backgrounds and faced many complications when expressing their views. I will also be exploring the social and cultural meanings of the female nude within my project. I will be discussing how women have transformed photography by becoming the photographer rather than just the subject.  In my project, my main aim is to create a visual link between body image and mental processes. I also plan to include conceptual photography into it and discuss how the influence of the imagination links to the process of the mind. The two combined creates this false world that photographers use to influence their work.

 How has chronic illness inspired people to document their story through photography as a way of healing?

The persistence of illness has affected the majority, if not all people at some stage in their life, whether they are the person suffering or they are emotionally close to the person suffering. Crucially, all different sufferings are dealt with in unique and specific ways in order to accept and embrace chronic illness, however, the mechanism of treatment I am analyzing is the use of documentation. Based upon the historic processes of photojournalism or documentation photography, the focal point is to record chronicle events or environments, a factor I attempt to stay true to throughout my work as I portray the environment my subject does live in, thrive in, cry in, as well as the spontaneous actions in between which reinforce his condition. The photographic documentation of my younger step-brother and his ADHD has allowed me to cope with my own suffering of the illness, as well as me adopting a mentor or role model figure in order to aid how he deals with himself. This level of personal experience gives me an inclination and interest to the work I look to convey, leading me to study and explore the productions of other photographers who have captured chronic illness as a healing method. In researching and studying chronic illness, I discovered the work of Phillip Toledano, a British photographer who captures the deteriorating life of his father in the photobook “DAYS WITH MY FATHER”. Of paramount relevance, Toledano described how his relationship with his deceased father is “without embarrassment”, a factor which is true to my work also because as I’ve experienced and documented the suffering of my step-brother, we have become closer, more comfortable and vocally liberal. Toledano expanded by explaining how he was “very grateful” for the fact he could spend time with his father, embracing and analysing his deterioration as it brought the couple together in a unique way, demonstrating how documentation has aided the healing process of dealing with his father’s death. Simiarly to Toledano, the work I have and am continuing to produce is very individual to any assignment or photo-based objectives I have ever completed previously, as not only have I tried to include family, a factor I usually avoid due to the invasive needs for making a successful piece, I also turn the camera onto myself. Although it is not directly facing me, the camera often metaphorically portrays the struggles I once suffered, reincarnating Noah as a younger version of my own self due to our almost identical suffering. Much like Noah, I frequently found it hard to fit in during primary school and was penalized for my behavior as it was disturbing and distracting for the rest of the class. Due to children’s nature, I was then often singled out for being different or annoying, a feeling which Noah has carried on through his elementary studies, however, like Toledano, it has brought me and Noah closer. The invention of “Photo-Therapy” by the collaboration of photography duo Rosy Martin and Jo Spence in 1984 pioneered a new mechanism of healing and accepting self-image, which is a unique method I would like and have attempted to incorporate into my own imagery by exposing the ugly truth, and how there can be beauty in the verity.

How do Phillip Toledano and Laia Abril explore notions of change, fate and absence in their work?

“Photographs are the story we fail to put into words.”- Destin Sparks

Photographs can be seen as the story-telling companions of time, they direct the gaze of the spectator to look at the past, allowing us to reflect on our own lives and the lives of others. Photographs allow the ability to communicate and capture small moments in time when particular emotions are felt. As said by Alfred Eisenstaedt “It is more important to click with people than to click the shutter.” It is this I explore in my personal study as I consider the change, reflecting on the past and the present of my Granddad’s life after a tragic event, which has changed his life forever. I have looked at and particularly been inspired by the work of Phillip Toledano, a photographer who is probably best known for his work dedicated to his father’s final chapter.

In this essay, I will be focusing on the ways that Toledano and Abril explores change, fate and absence in their work, particularly focusing on his project entitled ‘Days with my Father’ and her project entitled ‘The Epilogue.’ I will  be creating links to my own personal study, which also investigates and reflects upon the fate, absence and specifically change within my Granddad’s life. Having looked at archival photographs through my own personal family photo box, it has allowed me to discuss memories of his life, which I have used to inform my current photographs with the purpose of exploring the change and absences which have taken place. These absences and change are seen in various ways throughout the project as the two words form a relationship with the images to tell a story. Examples of the absences displayed is loved ones or friends my granddad had for many years passing; the ability to walk and the absence of his sight, shown through photographs of  his glass eye and eye patch. When referring to change, my granddad as a person has changed dramatically, he doesn’t really talk much and does not have the same sense of humour, which is something we miss greatly. All of these factors were the result of growing old and the two strokes he experienced ten years ago. I am aiming to explore the similar styles of photography within the work of Phillip Toledano and cross-reference the work of Laia Abril; looking into which artist I believe represents the concept of absence and change in the best way by investigating their style and what informed their projects. The genre of work I have focused on is documentary and narrative photography due to the style of photographs I am making in my own project and both Toledano and Abril make work across both genres as visual story tellers. Laia Abril particularly looks at archival imagery as well as making new photographs of objects and people within her project. Abril inspires me as she takes a different approach to the theme of loss/absence and change, which is different to Toledano’s approach but both of which I used within my own project. She specially looks at archival images, which gives the viewers an insight of Cammy’s life previously giving us an understanding of her background. She also included images of her family and close friends while giving them a voice about the subject by including conversations she had had with them, which is a technique I have myself used. My own images will follow this style of documentary photography to give a realistic insight into my Granddad’s life. Straight Photography, which is closely related to realism is the historical context of this style, which will inform my analysis and development of my own images. It believes in the camera’s ability to record objectively the actual world as it appears in front of the lens. This veracity of the photographs has been challenged by critics, claiming that the photographer’s subjectivity challenges this idea opening up many new possibilities for both interpretation and manipulation. Photography is a medium that possesses the precious ability to influence and transcend past, present and future. An image produced by Phillp Toletano show that we are capable of documenting the present as the raw emotion is captured within the moment, which is easily comparing the past of how his dad used to be and predicting the future of where his illness will take him. With the conclusions drawn from this analysis, I can hopefully proceed to evaluate whether my work has accurately portrayed issues of change, absence and fate shown through photography. “One soul, One body, One destiny”