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ARTIST REFERENCES

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Ed Kashi: 

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Ed Kashi is a journalism photographer who documents life events that happen in the world. Kashi believes that these still images can change the world as they have such an impact on us. He believes that as people let us in to photograph their lives then this is how these people can tell their stories to the rest of the world. With this comes people being open, if they are not open then the photographs cannot be taken, and we will have no document of the occasion. Kashi is known for documenting the ‘social and political issues that define our times’ and through this he tells a story which he then shares. On the other hand Kashi is involved in mentoring students in photography and in filmmaking  to help others achieve their goals in photography.

Kashi has also been involved in making short films, books and exhibits with his wife Julie Winokur who is a writer and a filmmaker. They founded Talking Eyes Media – http://talkingeyesmedia.org/what-we-do which is about visual story telling whereby they produce documentary films to improve society for future generations, whereby they celebrate the people who make a difference.

These images which are from Kashi’s work on Palliative Care in Mexico document how cancer and how getting palliative care affects these families in Mexico. Some of these images are heartbreaking as you can see the pain in the subject’s eyes as they look at their loved ones. I think that these images show how much pain people go through and this document of these images shows people that it is not easy, and there are a lot of behind the scenes that goes on like going to the hospital and caring for them as they are sick.

A man watches as his daughter, 34, is treated for leukemia in the Palliative Care Unit at the National Institute for Cancer in Mexico City, Mexico on Aug. 28, 2014.
A man watches as his daughter, 34, is treated for leukemia in the Palliative Care Unit at the National Institute for Cancer in Mexico City, Mexico on Aug. 28, 2014.

I think out of all the images this image is the most upsetting as you can see pain in the fathers eyes. The approach that Kashi has taken to this image is to focus this portrait image near the eyes so he has kept it close up so that it is the main focal point of the image. This image shows the theme of family as the man is watching his daughter being treated for leukaemia. I think that this image along with the other images in the series shows a story of pain that goes behind being sick with cancer, and i think that taking these images to document them shows other people that it is not just them who is suffering. In this image i think that you can tell that the man knows this photo is being taken of him, and even though it is a very realistic image i think that it would of been more beneficial if the man did not know the image was being taken of him. In addition by blurring the background of this image it draws attention to the man’s eyes and the mask that is over his face for hygiene reasons. The machines that are in the back of this image show the environment that they are in and give detail to the photograph and contextualise it, because without the machines in the background then this image alone would be hard to understand/read.

In these images Kashi took of Sugarcane and Kidney Disease sufferers some of the images are completely different to his other documentary images. Some of these images are very powerful images of family members who have passed away and children who are crying and look vulnerable. But some of these images are very cheerful and show a different side to these families lives. A few of these images are of the countryside and show the environment that they are in and show the workers living happy lives and enjoying time with their families. I think that these images are important as they remind us that its not all to life to be upset about what problems may occur, and it shows how to make the best of any situation.

In the community of La Isla, residents of all ages come together to dig trenches for a fresh water project in Chichigalpa, Nicaragua on Jan. 9, 2015. The 2.5 kilometers of trenches will hold pipes that supply water from a new well to 400 people in 98 homes.
In the community of La Isla, residents of all ages come together to dig trenches for a fresh water project in Chichigalpa, Nicaragua on Jan. 9, 2015. The 2.5 kilometers of trenches will hold pipes that supply water from a new well to 400 people in 98 homes.

I think that this image is lovely as it shows the family of workers working together and having a good time. As this community are digging for trenches for fresh water i think that this image documents what else is to come for this community and it is a very exiting image for them. It also documents how the society is changing and they are becoming more privileged by having a supply of water to 400 people in 98 homes. I think that this style of photograph is one that brings everyone together and is a very happy image. The smiles on the subject’s faces as they are digging the trenches shows the enthusiasm and excitement.

Corey Arnold – http://www.coreyfishes.com/#
Lauren Greenfield – http://www.laurengreenfield.com
Martin Parr – http://www.martinparr.com

Alex Webb – http://www.magnumphotos.com/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&VF=MAGO31_10_VForm&ERID=24KL53Y_H
Walker Evans – http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/evan/hd_evan.htm
Abbas – http://www.magnumphotos.com/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&VF=MAGO31_10_VForm&ERID=24KL53B_Y
Eugene Atget – http://www.nga.gov/feature/atget/
Robert Frank – http://www.danzigergallery.com/artists/robert-frank
Mary Ellen Mark – http://www.maryellenmark.com

Ed Kashi – http://edkashi.com/event/everydayclimatechange

Analysis

DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY

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Documentary photography is usually informal photographs that show a realistic perception of everyday life that are usually taken of ordinary people. In some cases the photographs can be taken to show an audience what is happening and to warn people and give them further knowledge to make for a social change. ‘Neither art nor advertising, documentary drew on the idea of information as a creative education about actuality, life itself’ 

Documentary photography shows a story within pictures of what is happening in the world. However, any photograph can be seen as a document, as it documents an event in one way or another.

I think that the idea of documentary photography is interesting, as i think that without knowing we have always been documenting our lives in one way or another. But by documenting an occasion by photographs it shows proof that this document happened. These documents are usually real-life things that have happened and they are taken to warm others about what is going on in the world. But sometimes the photographers are taken to document private and special moments to people, that maybe they do not want to share with everyone, but it is special to them. Sometimes the photos are taken to document real-life crisis  to show the media what is happening.

These are some images that i found when i looked up documentary photography. I think that these images are similar in a sense that they document a significant occasion that has happened. However, the the images all represent different life events that have happened.

kevin-carter-vultureFor example, this image is a very shocking image as in this image it looks like the bird is going to attack the little boy. When looking at this image some people would look and question the photographer as to why they took it and did not help the little boy, and others would say that the photographer took it to document what was happening in this part of the world. This image was probably taken with a telephoto lens, as i can imagine the photographer would not of been able to take this image as close up as it seems because of the bird. I think that because of how close up this image is it makes it more upsetting as you can see the fine details in the image. By fine details i mean that you can see the little boys bones on his ribs which shows how he is obviously malnourished, but also because you can see the birds face and it looks like any moment it is going to jump onto the boy and attack him.  This is why photographs like these question the moral aspects of documentary photography.

Documentary photography can be documented as street photography, photo journalism but also on documentaries central aesthetics – political and moral associations.

Street photography: 

With street photography the images that i found are not upsetting as some of the other versions of documentary photography that i have seen. I think that these images document a normal persons everyday mundane life and i think that these images do not shock you when you look at them. However, i do think that these images look very beautiful and i think that by some of the images being in black and white it makes them more aesthetically pleasing, but i do not think these are the kind of images that go into the news to tell people about how the world is, as i think in everyday life for ordinary people they see this, and some people would say that these kind of photographs do not need to be taken as we can see them all the time.

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I think that this street photography image is heart warming because it has a man and a women who look like they are in love. I think that this kind of documentary photograph is special because it shows the bond between two people. I think that how this photograph has been taken is good because the boarders around the man and the woman draw attention to them.

Photojournalism: 

I think that photojournalism photographs seem to document occasions that would be placed into the media for everyone to see what is happening in the world. I think that some of these images are shocking to look at, as it is actually scary to see how some people live and what is actually happening around the world. And if it wasn’t for documentary photography we would not know about these occasions that are happening. These images can also be said to question moral aspects, as some people would argue that you should be helping in these occasions and not taking images, but in my opinion i think that these images need to be taken so that, in some cases they do not happen again but also that if they do happen to us we know what to expect and what is coming of it. If these images were not taken we would never know what was happening and we would never be able to help those who are suffering around the world.

images-2I think that this image is alarming because the faces on the children’s faces is heart breaking as you can see how genuinely terrified the children look. This image is also shocking because there is a naked girl in it, i think any photography that has a naked person in always seems to shock everyone, but i think in this case it is even more shocking because of the circumstance of this image as they are running away from the explosion that you can see in the background of this image. The first thing you see in this image is the children’s faces and then you realise that what they are running away from is ever more terrifying as they are running away to survive as they are running away from an explosion.

Camera as a witness:

Sometimes in documentary photography  the camera can be seen as a witness, this is because the images that are taken document what happened, and the camera proves what has happened and acts as a witness as proof. Sometimes these images raise up certain questions in the community about the moral aspects behind them, but if the images were never taken then how would anyone know about what was happening in the world? I assume that after the photographs take the images they drop their camera and try to help to situation as they are human and they do still care about others, but the photographs need to be taken to warm everyone.

Analysis, Planning, Research

Documentary Photography:

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What is documentary photography?

If you break it down into the basic meaning of the words, documentary is defined as a factual record. In fact, it’s very difficult to give it an exact meaning as photography in itself is a process of documentation. However, it has been previously described as the following: a genre, a traditions, a style, a movement and also as a practice.

Here are some pictures which I found to illustrate it:

documentary_photography1 documentary+photography+2 documentary-photography-02 Ruga-Box

In photography, the genre of documentary is crucial to capture real moments. The normal elements of composition that we should strive to include in a picture are not so much needed. It’s more about the meaning behind the image, rather than how it’s set-up.

Documentary photography demonstrates a story and can be taken over  a various periods of time. Also, documentary images transmit a life long effect. Meanwhile, photojournalism is meant for short-lived moments and is normally published in magazines and news papers. Photojournalism only depicts what the certain viewers, or in this case, what the writers, of a news paper believe to be the truth. It doesn’t explore the deepened subjects behind it. Here are some examples of the both:

Photojournalism example:

Zaatari Camp, in Jordan, run by UNHCR for refugees from war in Syria. Daily bread ration supplied by WFP. Photograph by James Nachtwey.

Documentary example:

Where am I? - by Yavuz Sariyildiz.
Where am I? – by Yavuz Sariyildiz.

Documentary photography and Photojournalism are linked quite closely. The main difference is that documentary photography aims to tell a story over time and some pictures can be set-up. Whilst, photojournalism captures events from one time period and may take the photographs in such a way that it portrays something else, that perhaps is untruthful.

Documentary photography is designed to capture real life moments. Some images have the power to even change peoples points of view. A single picture can have create a stronger reaction than anything else. Many photographers use this medium because it can open people’s eyes. For example, recently there was a controversial news story, in which a three year old, Syrian boy washed up at shore. A Turkish photographer was at the beach when it happened and she decided to snap a picture. For some this was a shocking move. Many people questioned whether it was right for the picture to be taken, or whether she should of helped out the baby toddler first.

Here’s a link to one of the Syrian boys’ news stories: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/04/world/europe/syria-boy-drowning.html?smid=tw-share

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The photograph was taken by Nilüfer Demir, a photographer working for the Turkish agency DHA.

drowned-syrian-migrant-boy-bodrum-turkey-sept-2-2015 ALT-BOY1-articleLarge

For me, in this case, I probably would have taken the picture also. I think that she was trying to show the rest of the world the saddening moment and wanted to share how critically severe it was in an attempt to make a difference. And in result, when the pictures actually were released they affected many individuals.

Documentary photography first began in the early 19th century. A man named Jeremy Bentham was the first person to use it. Later on, a famous film maker called John Gierson used this word to describe a film and this is what prompted people to start using this term in visual arts. Meanwhile in France, during the mid 19th century, Eugene Atget described his work as ‘documents’. His work was mainly of buildings and empty streets. Also, in Denmark, a Danish reporter called Jacob A Riis, referred to his work in the same way. On the other hand, Riss’s work was focused on poverty in the slums during the 1880’s. And finally, the much later work of the American man Lewis Hine, that reflects a modern version of social work campaigns and child labour. Here are some examples of these three:

Jacob Riis example (Danish,1849-1914):

Jacob Riis - How The Other Half Lives.
Jacob Riis – How The Other Half Lives.

 

 

 

 

 

Here’s a link to a website showcasing some of Riis photography: http://www.moma.org/collection/artists/4928

Eugene Atget example (French, 1857- 1927):

St. Gervais, Old Paris, 1900.
Eugene Atget – St. Gervais, Old Paris, 1900.

Informative link, with details on Atget’s life: http://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-Atget

Lewis Hine example (American, 1874-1940):

Lewis Hine
Lewis Hine

Here’s a link to an article on Lewis Hine’s work: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17673213

It first started to become a phenomenon when  it began to appear in the 1920s when print technology was beginning to evolve. Most of these prints were placed in worldwide magazines. The main motive behind the magazines was to document a story. They included many different pictures which all portrayed different emotions and meanings. In result, it inspired the photojournalism movement to begin.

Print Technology Prints.
Print Technology Prints.
Steam Printing Press Machine - Print Technology.
Steam Printing Press Machine – Print Technology.

Documentary has a wide range of key words linked to it. It has many different approaches, styles and practices. There are also many different categories and types that apply to it. A few of these include: photojournalism, reportage, street photography and contemporary fine-art. Documentary photography can be used as a way of learning. For example, if you photograph political and moral values, you may start to comprehend the situation in a better manner. This genre can lead us to question many things. It may question you on your personal morality, and what you’d do if we were in that situation. It may also make you view places and people differently. For example, there could be rare sights shown in the photograph that show things you would normally not see.

This type of photography, in itself, is very controversial, especially with the word ‘documentary’. Some people argue that documentary photography is always set up, no matter how little you tamper with the situations. This is because a picture, in itself, is a documentation. The moment in which the camera snaps, a document is supposedly taken.

Many people use this genre to capture stories, which can be fictional or non-fictional. While other use it to capture performances. Just like the typical photographic styles, it can vary.

A very touching and famous example of this medium is as follows:

Taken by Alfred Eisenstaedt.

This is Glenn McDuffie, a former sailor which was famously featured as a part of this documentary photograph. At that moment, the photographer was able to capture the couples emotional kiss as they celebrated that Japan had surrendered. I believe that Eisenstaedt caught a very precious moment of love, which was later identified as being this man in the picture.

Nowadays, contemporary documentary photography still portrays a lot of meaning. However, one distinct characteristic is that, now the audience has more freedom to interpret individually. Whereas in the olden days, documentary pictures used to have a specific and driven meaning behind them. Contemporary photography is often set up in a series, it normally demonstrates a chronicle or account. The images can be a collection of various different genres, such as portraiture.

Analysis, Evaluation, Research

Documentary photography

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Documentary photography usually refers to a popular form of photography used to chronicle both significant and relevant to history and historical events and everyday life. It is typically covered in professional photojournalism, or real life reportage, but it may also be an amateur, artistic, or academic pursuit.

ed32010-11-14__MG_1524-duplex  everyday_001

Opinions on documentary photography are very controversial as they can be perceived differently by all. Most people have a view of it as inhumane to capture images of scenes and events when they could be helping. therefore photographers get negative backlash from images.

28p056

http://niemanreports.org/wp-content/uploads/pod-assets/Image/Nieman%20Reports/Images%20by%20Issue/Fall%202001/28p056.jpg

For example in Mongolia 1996  Captured street children in Ulan Bator, Mongolia’s capital, are hosed down before being put into a youth detention center. in the link above shows an image  of a tiny child cowers against a cold wall, awaiting his violent shower. Cropping within the viewfinder helps to show how small and frail the boy is in relation to his environment. He is the main subject. But to the side, in a watery light, another boy looks into the lens, judging me or you and seeming to ask if we have the right or the guts to stare. He is ghostly, making his presence all the more ethereal.

three-year-old-drowned-syrian-boy

There is a refugee crisis in Europe, a young child was washed up on the beach after trying to reach Europe from north Africa. The image is being shown all around the world, however some people have a negative view on the picture as the photographer is obviously just stood watching the event and just taking pictures and offering no help.

syrian-migrant-boy-turkey

This is the link to the image as pictures are not uploading to the blog – https://www.google.com/search?q=boy+washed+up+on+beach&safe=strict&es_sm=122&biw=1280&bih=855&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAkQ_AUoA2oVChMIooHI07HdxwIVTAnbCh0QsAIt

Analysis, Editing, Experimentation, Record / Photoshoot

Blanket Series: Air

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nmml

This is my first edit from the ‘air’ series. This was the picture that I took first. The zoom was larger and as I went on I decreased the zoom. The pictures from this experiment are quite different. We did about three different throws, therefore the results vary. Particularly in this one, the rule of thirds is quite good. The blanket intersects the lower horizontal line of the grid. This adds balance to the image, and directs me to look exactly at the blue blanket. Also the colour is important. The blue shaded windows in the background, balance the foreground to it. It almost reflects the colour.

Image7.jpg nkm

For my third picture, it shows a further away shot. There is a lot of depth and certainly a lot of distracting features. The angle upsets the symmetry, but this is what causes the composition to be very interesting and amazing.

DSC_0233 air kkk

I’ve edited this image to increase the contrasting colours. There wasn’t much vibrancy, so I also altered it. Moving onto the compositional elements, I think that this photograph has got a great rule of thirds. Since the blanket is intersecting one of the two vertical lines, the images has a sort of balance to it. The leading lines in the background are very distracting. The rectangle and square shapes on the buildings create a very abstract view. I think that the curled up blanket, that’s soaring mid-air adds an interesting component to it. The off-balance distracts me from the solid background and I think that the difference is perfect. Also, the angle at which is the picture was taking is also quite intriguing. I was standing at the bottom of the staircase, whilst pointing my camera lens upward. The way in which it was taken really changes my perspective and even makes the blanket look bigger than it really is. It’s hard to tell if the blanket is closer to the building or to the wall. This picture has great depth. The background, middle ground and foreground are all filled with objects, therefore it has a three dimensional effect. The layers in the scene draws me into the image.

This in all, creates a series, which shows the blanket being thrown. You can see where the blanket starts, higher up in the left hand corer of the staircase and where it ends up. The result of this performance was very effective in my view. At the end, the blanket goes over the top of the wall, which I managed to capture at the last minute.

Analysis, Editing, Experimentation, Record / Photoshoot

Blanket series:

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During our trip to France, we found a lost blue blanket on the ground. As an idea, we brought it around everywhere we went. We would place it on various objects and locations, as we saw them. I think that this documented a performance, as we showed the different settings we reached and incorporated the blanket into the journey. Below, is how it was originally found.

Image3.jpgfklm

Image2.jpg mf

On the next part we travelled down a small alleyway and decided to place it on this doorway. I took this in a front on angle. I think that the blanket disturbs the patterns and symmetry. In result, it creates a very interesting shot.

Image1.jpg blanket

I really like this image. This is because the rustic effect on the walls adds an antique aesthetic to it. The barrel in the background is also quite vintage. I like the contrast between the olden look and the newer aura transmitted from the blue blanket. It also appears quite unusual as it’s not normal to see a blanket perfectly tucked behind some signs. The depth of field is strong in my opinion. The elongated and narrowed view on the left hand side creates a lot of depth. There are so many leading lines. Most of my attention goes to the left hand side of the picture. I think it’s because of the direction of the vertical lines.

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I edited the photograph above. I added a purple hue and decreased the vibrancy. For me, the only colours that are present are purple and the rest is in black and white.

Image8.jpg jl

Next, it was placed on a metal shape. The other one is visible on the right side. I like how it adapts to the rounded shape, and needs context to know what shape it actually is.

DSC_0211jhk

Then, we came upon this sign. The signs have been completely covered in graffiti and looks vandalised. I think there’s a great contrast between evil and good here. The signs are covered in dirt and are marked, whilst the blanket is clean and pure.

Image5.jpg nnk

 Lastly, we came across a construction site. The obstruction which was a hole was surrounded by a bright red gate and tape.

Analysis, Editing, Record / Photoshoot

Outcomes part 2:

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Image3

This is the first photograph of the sequence. It is simply a playground slide in the center of St. Malo’s walls. The camera was set up  on a plastic train, just a few meters away from the slide. This provided stability and made sure that the picture was always taken in a similar position.

Image1

For the second image, we can see a girl appear. She is attempting to go down the slide. I like the fact that she displays a child-like behavioral pattern. Her head intersects the top third line of the rule of thirds and creates a good point to attract us. Also there is quite a lot of depth as there is shadows and objects in the fore, middle and background.

Image2

Lastly, this is the third image. The girl is just about to get off the slide after completing a ride on the slide. I like this because it captures the ending part of her performance. It demonstrates the movements of her shadow when she starts to when she finishes.

Analysis, Editing, Experimentation, Record / Photoshoot, Research

St. Malo Outcomes

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Tom Pope - Whatcha Peeping Tommy?
Tom Pope – Whatcha Peeping Tommy?

Above is a photograph from Tom Pope’s series entitled ‘Weak Anarchy’. Pope is hiding behind a tree. All that can be seen is a glimpse of his face and body, however it’s very blurred and he looks unidentifiable. The picture seems to have been taken during the night as there is a lot of bright white light reflecting from the leaves. Also, the light looks artificial. There are many leading lines which are very opposite to each other. First of all, the bricks are horizontal and therefore my attention goes to the edges of the photograph. The leaves from the tree are pointed in all directions and direct me to look further up. Since the brightest place of the image is Pope’s head, that’s the first place that I’m drawn to.

For my response, I’ve emulated his picture in a very similar manner. Whilst in France, my group and I, spontaneously decided to recreate this image. A girl can be seen hiding behind a large tree. Amazingly, there was also a high wall under the girl, which was very similar to Pope’s one. In my responses I have edited by doing several processes and have kept one in colour and one in black and white.

tree

Above, is my first response to Tom’s Weak Anarchy image. I did some general edits to brighten and saturate it. I think that it has a very interesting rule of thirds. The shrubbery leaves the whole bottom third of the picture clear and occupies the top. Much like in his picture, my one exhibits very strong and bright sections of white light. The natural sunlight shining on the green leaves draw my eyes to those places and I think it adds intrigue to the photograph.

bw dd

As my second response, I have shown a very similar outcome. This one, however I cropped this one in a farther away fashion, to show the whole environment around it. I made this one black and white to vary my edits. I think it brings out the shadows better and shows the highlights and contrasts more clearly. At first it’s hard to spot the person, which is why I believe it’s more interesting to look at. I like how the spaces in the tree’s create pockets of light on the floor. It almost looks like fallen blossom. The rule of thirds is quite unbalanced. This is because the main focus isn’t placed on the key lines of the rule of thirds. Therefore this is even more interesting and for me, the ambiguity of not fitting into the perfect grids, is great.

Analysis, Editing, Record / Photoshoot

John Baldessari Responses: Spots

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DSC_0086

Above is a photograph that i took whilst i was in Portugal. It shows a young man, alongside his grandma and a middle-aged woman. The old woman, who lives in a small shed has a very intriguing habitat. The poorly clothed, but richly wise lady is sitting the single wooden bench which she has outside. She is holding onto some wooden sticks which are used as walking sticks. In all, this photograph portrays a lot of meaning and has a vintage effect to it. I only placed a dot onto the boy’s face because he was smiling whilst showing his teeth. This displays less of his raw emotions. Also, i wanted it to be mysterious.

edit 21a

Again, in the same location but further down, I found these sheds. Since Baldessari’s work includes portraiture and uses other people, i decided this one of a man would work well. The rustic and hand-built sheds add a country feel to this photograph. I used a white dot again to simply cover his face and hide his facial expression. All that can be seen is his head shape and hairline, whilst leaving the most important features to the imagination.

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This is the last picture that i have included from my trip to Portugal. I found that there was a very weird but interesting compositions in this one. Particularly because the dogs are on the edges of the photograph. They almost go out of the shot. I think that the depth is very good here because of the sizes of the dogs. In reality they’re very similar in size, however the way that they are positioned, one looks larger than the other. Thee one on the right is closer to the stone wall, and the black and gold one is more in the center. I covered both of these dogs faces to emulate Baldessari’s work.

Image8

 

Above, is a picture which i took in France. Within it, there are five students from my photography class, which chose to disturb the normal conventions of society with a performance. They laid out a towel and crossed their legs. They then started to meditate. I like how the people in background seem astounded and astonished. I blocked out everyone’s faces to keep the theme of secrecy and disguise going through.

Analysis, Experimentation

Dadism

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Dadaism, is an art movement of the European Avant-Garde in the early 20th century.  Dada, in Zurich, Switzerland began in 1916 and was reaction against the horror and futility of WW1.

“Freedom. Dada, Dada, Dada, crying open the constricted pains, swallowing the contrasts and all the contradictions, the grotesqueries and the illogicalities of life” – Tristan Tzara, 1918

dadiasm 3

Dadaism focused primarily against an art subversive to any traditional values and morals. This meant abolishing all logic and wanting to destroy the deceptions of reason. This meant that Chance and spontaneity:  what ever came along would be considered art in every form. This  was then considered a anarchical and irrational action and event which sparked emotions such as shock, surprise and scandal. This was all result on a wanted audience reaction, testing their taste and level of tolerance.

dadaism

daism 2

 

Dada has influenced most of the 20th century art movements: Surrealism, Russian Constructivism,   Situationism, Fluxus, Pop Art, Conceptual Art, Minimalism and Performance Art.

Dada was used as a model of revolt for these movements, including influence from the ‘Sex Pistols’ and Punk rock.