• Barthes = He was as an influential philosopher and literary critic. He explored many theories including semiotics and the science of symbols and their impact on society.
• Pierce = Came up with the theory of Semiotics
• Saussure = Was a 20th century linguist and semiotician.
• Semiotics = Is the study of the use of signs and symbols.
• Sign = Is an object or event in relation to something
• Signifier = A signs physical form.
• Signified = Meaning or idea expressed by the sign
• Icon = A person or thing represented as a symbol for a deeper meaning
• Index = A sign of something
• Symbol = Is a sign that is represents/ is associated with something
• Code = a system of words/ figures or symbols that is used to represent others
• Dominant Signifier = the main signifier.
• Anchorage = When a piece of media uses another piece of media aiming to reduce the amount of connotations and allowing it to be interpret easily.
• Ideology = A system of ideas and ideals.
• Paradigm = A typical example of something
• Syntagm = When signs work together to create a meaning.
• Signification = A representation or conveying of a message.
• Denotation = The literal meaning of words in contrast to what the word suggests.
• Connotation = A idea, assocation or feeling invoked alongside a literal meaning.
• Myth = A false belief or idea
• Radical text = a text that challenges the dominant ideology.
• Reactionary = supports dominate ideals

Barthes – he is one of the leading theorists of semiotics, the study of signs

Pierce – Charles Sanders Peirce came up with the theory, which he called semiotics, meaning the philosophical study of signs

Saussure – he was a semiotician and a founder of semiotics/semiology

Semiotics – signs or symbols and their use or interpretation

Sign – An object or event in relation to something

Signifier- A signs physical form

Signified – The meaning expressed by a sign

Iconic sign – a person or thing used as a representative symbol 

an Indexical sign – a sign or measure of something.

Symbolic sign – A symbol is a mark sign or word that represents something

Code – a system of words, letters, figures, or symbols used to represent others

Dominant Signifier- most important sign in a product

Anchorage – signs that fix meanings

Ideology- a system of ideas

Paradigm- a group of signs

Syntagm- a linguistic unit consisting of a set of linguistic forms, signs that are connected to work together

Signifcation- the representation or conveying of meaning.

Denotation- the literal meaning of a word

Connotation- the abstract meaning or intension of a term

Myth- a widely believed but false belief or idea.

Radical text – A text that challenges the dominant ideology.

Reactionary – dominant common sense, supports the dominant ideology

1. Roland Barthes – Leading theorist in the study of semiotics
2. C.S. Pierce – The father of the iconic, indexical and symbolic signs theory and was an American philosopher
3. Ferdinand de Saussure – Swiss linguist and semiotician. His ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in both linguistics and semiology
4. Semiotics – Study of signs
5. Sign – An action used to represent information, meaning and/or instructions, or the smallest unit of meaning, anything that can be used to communicate
6. Signifier – A sign’s physical form (such as a sound, printed word, or image) as distinct from its meaning (Saussure)
7. Signified – The meaning or idea expressed by a sign, as distinct from the physical form in which it is expressed (Saussure)
8. Iconic sign – A sign that looks like its object
9. Indexical sign – A sign that has a link to its object
10. Symbolic sign – A sign that has an arbitrary or random link to its object
11. Code – A system of words, letters, figures, or symbols that are used to represent others
12. Dominant Signifier – Most important sign
13. Anchorage – When a piece of media uses another piece of media to reduce the amount of connotations in the first, e.g. pictures are accompanied by a caption in newspapers. Some signs are like anchors and provide anchorage
14. Dominant Ideology – A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. Set of ideas, beliefs and values
15. Paradigm – A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contribution fields. A collection of signs
16. Syntagm – A linguistic unit consisting of a set of linguistic forms (phonemes, words, or phrases) that are in a sequential relationship to one another. Where a number of signs need each other
17. Signifcation – The representation or conveying of meaning
18. Denotation – The most basic or literal meaning of a sign, e.g., the word “rose” signifies a particular kind of flower
19. Connotation – An idea or feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning
20. Myth – A widely held or false belief or idea accepted by society
21. Radical text – Challenges the dominant ideology
22. Reactionary text – Supports the dominant ideology

1. Roland Barthes – he was interested in the ways in which dominant structures created dominant ideologies.
2. C. S. Pierce – created the idea of iconic, indexical and symbolic signs.
3. Ferdinand de Saussure – he was interested in language and the connection between a thing the meanings attached to it.
4. Semiotics – the study of signs.
5. Sign – something that represents or signifies something else.
6. Signifier – a thing or object.
7. Signified – the meaning of something.
8. An iconic sign – something that is directly connected to an object.
   
9. An indexical sign – something that is indirectly linked to an object.
10. A symbolic sign – something that has relation link based on an agreement
11. Code – signs or symbols that mean a specific thing.
12. Dominant Signifier – the main accepted meaning of a sign.
13. Anchorage – some signs hold down and fix meaning.
14. Ideology – a set of beliefs and values that a person has.
15. Paradigm – a typical example of something
16. Syntagm – when a sign appears in a sequence that creates a different meaning.
17. Signification – an exact meaning.  
18. Denotation – the most basic meaning .
19. Connotation – an idea or feeling that is abstract to the meaning of intentions.
20. Myth – something that has been altered to make it seem different or better than it actually is.
21. A radical text – a text that challenges a dominant ideology.
22. A reactionary text – a text that supports the dominant ideology.

1. Barthes – Barthes created the theory of semiotics, showing that the portrayals of knowledge is influenced by the bourgeoise
2. Pierce – created the sign theory
3. Saussure – a swiss linguist, he introduced structuralism in linguistics
4. Semiotics – the study of signs and symbols, their interpretation and meaning.
5. Sign – a set of items in a langauge that mean different things
6. Signifier – a symbol, sound or word that represents an underlying concept of meaning eg table, words on a page. (saussure)
7. Signified – the meaning or idea expressed by a sign. (saussure)
8. Icon – a sign which has a characteristic in common with the thing it symbolises, for example, snarl pronounced in a snarling way.
9. Index – a sign pointing to a context in which is occurs
10. Symbol – a sign which has a random or arbitrary link based on shared knowledge or agreement
11. Code -a system of words, letters or numbers used to encode a secret message
12. Dominant Signifier – a dominating signifier that is widely known and accepted
13. Anchorage – a dominant sign that fixes down a specific meaning
14. Ideology – codes that reinforce or are congruent with structures of power. It works mostly by creating forms of “common sense” of the taken for granted in everyday life.
15. Paradigm – a set of substitutional relationships a linguistic unit has with other units in a specific context
16. Syntagm – a linguistic unit consisting of linguistic forms (words, phrases) that are in a sequence
17. Signification – the representation or conveying of meaning
18. Denotation – the most basic meaning of a sign. E.g, seeing a rose and recognising it as a flower.
19. Connotation – a certain meaning attached to a word, phrase or item
20. Myth – a combination of paradigms and syntagms that make up an oft told story with elaborate cultural associations.
21. Radical text – challenges everyday accepted myths
22. Reactionary text – enforces everyday accepted myths

1. 
   Barthes – One of the leading theorist of the study of semiotics.
   Pierce – was an Americian phoiloshoper and scientist know as the father of the iconic indexical and symbolic sign theory
   Saussure – He was a Swiss linguist, he laid a ideas which became the important in the development in linguistics.
   Semiotics – Study of signs 
   Sign – is anything to indicate meaning or information.
   Signifier – the image/sound of a sign
   Signified – the idea or concept of the signifier
   An Iconic sign – a sign which has a direct connection to the object
   An Indexical sign – a sign with an indirect connection to the object
   An Symbolic sign – a sign with a random link to the objection via shared knowledge.
   Code – the communication of rules or orders
   Dominant Signifier – the meaning of a sign which is mainly accepted.
   Anchorage – the fixing of a meaning to a sign
   Paradigm – a collection of signs
   Syntagm – a sign which is in a sequence which then gives it a different meaning
   Signification – process of meaning being creative
   Denotation – the literal meaning of a word
   Connotation – the meaning of a word
   Myth – something that is made up and accepted by society.
   Dominant Ideology- the dominant ideas of society.
   A radical text- challenges dominant ideology.
   A reactionary text- supports dominant ideology

1. Roland Barthes was a French philosopher and a semiotician. He explored a diverse range of fields including anthropology, semiotics and social theory.
2. C S Pierce was a linguistic, he came up with Iconic signs, Indexical signs and symbolic signs.
3. Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss Linguistic and semiotician, his ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in both semiology and linguistics
4. Semiotics – is the study of signs.
5. Sign – A gesture or action used to convey meaning.
6. Signifier – A signs physical form, such as a sound or a printed word.
7. Signified – The meaning or idea expressed by a sign, as distinct from the physical form in which its expressed.
8. Iconic Sign – A sign that looks like its object.
9. Indexical Sign – A sign that has a link to its object.
10. Symbolic Sign – A sign that has an arbitrary or random link to its object.
11. Code – A system of words, letters, figures or symbols used to represent others.
12. Dominant Signifier – A mainly accepted form of a sign. 
13. Anchorage – Is when a piece of media uses another piece of media to reduce the amount of connotations in the first.
14. Paradigm – A collection of signs
15. Syntagm –
16. Signification –
17. Denotation –
18. Connotation –
19. Myth – Something that is made up which is acknowledged and used by society, sometimes in stories.
20. Dominant Ideology – The main / dominant idea
21. A Radical Text – A text that challenges a dominant ideology.
22. A Reactionary text – A text that supports a dominant ideology.

1. Roland Barthes – One of the leading theorists of semiotics, the study of signs. He is often considered a structuralist following the structure of Saussure.
2. C. S. Pierce – Father of the iconic indexical and symbolic sign theory
3. Ferdinand De Saussure – The study of signs using behavior, the study of “the life of signs within society”.
4. Semiotics – The study of signs and symbols and their use.
5. Sign – an object, quality, or event whose presence or occurrence of something else.
6. Signifier – a signs physical form, as distinct from its meaning.
7. Signified – the meaning or idea expressed by a sign.
8. an iconic sign – the most basic or literal sign is the word “rose” signifies a particular kind of flower.
9. an indexical sign – any material or thing that signifies for example “words on a page”, “a facial expression” or an image
10. a symbolic sign – a symbolic sign allows people to make connections with other things (i.e Eiffel Tower symbolizes France or Paris)
11. Code – a system of words, letters or figures used to represent others. Especially for the purposes of security (i.e passwords or pass codes).
12. Dominant Signifier – the most accepted meaning of a sign
13. Anchorage – Directs the viewer to a chosen meaning
14. Ideology – are a set of ideas and beliefs that people have regarding different kinds of technologies.
15. Paradigm – A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods and postulates.
16. Syntagm – Signs occur in sequence or parallel and operate together to create a meaning
17. Signifcation – Signification – a message being conveyed by a sign, so a drawing, an image or text
18. Denotation – What the audience can visually see on the page (the literal meaning of a word)
19. Connotation – Usually the second level of analysis, being what the denotation represents.
20. Myth – something people believe to be false or an idea
21. A radical text – a radical text challenges a dominant ideology
22. A reactionary text – a text that supports a dominant ideology

MEDIA LANGUAGE

Barthes – French literary theorist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician. Barthes’ ideas explored a diverse range of fields and he influenced the development of many schools of theory, including structuralism, semiotics, social theory, design theory, anthropology, and post-structuralism.

Pierce – American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as “the father of pragmatism”. He was educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for thirty years

Saussure – Swiss linguist and semiotician. His ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in both linguistics and semiology in the 20th century. He is widely considered one of the founders of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major founders of semiotics/semiology

Semiotics – the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation.

Sign – a gesture or action used to convey information or an instruction.

Signifier – a sign’s physical form (such as a sound, printed word, or image) as distinct from its meaning. (Saussure)

Signified – the meaning or idea expressed by a sign, as distinct from the physical form in which it is expressed. (Saussure)

Icon – a person or thing regarded as a representative symbol or as worthy of veneration.

Index – (in a book or set of books) an alphabetical list of names, subjects, etc. with reference to the pages on which they are mentioned.

Symbol – a thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.

Code – a system of words, letters, figures, or symbols used to represent others, especially for the purposes of secrecy.

Dominant Signifier – The main sign

Anchorage – Meaning of a sign

Ideology – a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Paradigm – a group/collection of similar things

Syntagm – a linguistic unit consisting of a set of linguistic forms (phonemes, words, or phrases) that are in a sequential relationship to one another.

Signifcation – the representation or conveying of meaning.

Denotation – the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests. (Barthes)

Connotation – an idea or feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning. (Barthes)

Myth – a belief that lots of people believe in however it isn’t true.

Dominant Ideology – the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society

A Radical Text – Text that challenges the dominant ideology

A Reactionary Text – Text that supports the dominant ideology

1. Barthes – Leading theorist of the study of semiotics (Roland Barthes) 

1. Pierce – father of the iconic indexical and symbolic sign theory 

1. Saussure – He was a Swiss linguist and semiotician. His ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in both linguistics and semiology  

1. Semiotics – Study of signs 

1. Sign – A gesture/action used to convey meaning, information or instruction 

1. Signifier – A signs physical word as distinct from its meaning  

1. Signified – the meaning or idea expressed by a sign, as distinct from the physical form in which it is expressed. 

1. Icon – a sign which has a characteristic in common with the thing it signifies, for example the word snarl pronounced in a snarling way 

1. Index – a sign or measure of something. 

1. Symbol – a mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, or process 

1. Code – a system of words, letters, figures, or symbols used to represent others 

1. Dominant Signifier – a mainly accepted form of a sign 

1. Anchorage – when a piece of media uses another piece of media to reduce the amount of connotations in the first 

1. Ideology – A set of beliefs and values that form a persons or entities thoughts  

1. Paradigm – A typical example or pattern of something; a pattern or model.  

1. Syntagm – A syntagmatic relationship is one where signs occur in sequence or parallel and operate together to create meaning. 

1. Signification – The representation or conveying of meaning/ importance.  

1. Denotation – What is being shown by a symbol/object. What we can clearly see 

1. Connotation – What a symbol/object implies about its meaning/context 
3. Myth – A widely held but false belief or idea/ misinterpretation of the truth. 
4. Radical Text – when a text opposes the dominant ideology of an idea
5. Reactionary Text – A text conforming/agreeing with an ideology