CATEGORY	SIMILARITIES	DIFFERENCES	THEORY
CHARACTERS	the detective who has a ‘natural’ instinct for law and order Both the Victims are young helpless females- this is reactionary	The Killing, The missing has the main detective as female	PROPP
NARRATIVE	the first episode often introduces a lot of different characters	There can’t be a resolution in the missing for the victim because they’re dead.	TODOROV
THEMES	the use of binary oppostions around familiar themes: family, community, law and order, justice.	The missing has a lot of deceit whereas the killing is a lot of action and brutality.	LEVI-STRAUSS
REPRESENTATION	reactionary representations of police, family, law and order, urban/rural	Radical representation of the father figure he should be with his family being supportive but he’s just cheating.	SEMIOTICS
TECHNICAL CODES / LANGUAGE OF MOVING IMAGE (music, setting, props, lighting, use of camera, editing etc)	opening montage sequence that often gives clues as to the whole series – themes, locations, characters, events etc.	The killing music is more upbeat.

What is it about?- Tony and Emily Hughes go to France on a holiday with their five-year-old son Oliver. However, when their car breaks down one night in a small town, Tony suddenly loses sight of his son.

Tertiary audience: is when a person is only listening to the station because they are familiar with the guest that is on. This could also be a friend, sister, a particular celebrity and others. Primary audiences are those who receive the communication directly and are also known as the target audience. The person is also usually the decision maker. Secondary audiences are those readers who are not the primary addressee, but are still included as viewer

The Missing is an international co-production between the BBC and Starz. The first eight-part series, about the search for a missing boy in France. It’s fiction.

Theorist	What does it mean (in your own words)	How does it apply to the advert (in your own words)
Equilibrium	The state of being at equilibrium is being constant and fine with nothing bothering you e.g all stories will have a exposition, complication and resolution. Equilibrium would be at the beginning then the complication happens and ruins it but the resolution brings it back to equilibrium.	The advert starts off at equilibrium when they’re happy and feel comfortable with what they’re wearing and how they look then the mascara is the complication because they want to be ‘bossed up’ and once they’ve used it they’re happy and comfortable again therefore at equilibrium.
Binary Opposition	Binary opposition is a pair of related concepts that are completely opposite e.g white&black, North&South or the could be a neutral balance e.g a product only for women and not for men has been made available to both genders.	This advert has made a product genuinely associated as a product only for women and made it neutral for men and woman by having both genders in the same advert. They have also used a black woman and a white man to make it neutral. The opposites are they’re in New York to show how extravagant they are as opposed to St. Helier a small Jersey parish that isn’t very glam.
Character Types	There are certain types of characters which are always within stories e.g they may have different personalities but they play a role like a hero, villain, victim, princess, dispatcher.	The heroes were MannyMUA and MakeupbyShayla as they’re the main characters and they use the product and are magical and special. The suitcase man is the dispatcher as he gives them the product and the other makeup brands are the villains as they’re trying to defeat and beat them.

The Missing:

The Missing is a complex mainstream television product in which the codes and conventions of
the crime drama are recognisable but they are also challenged and sometimes subverted.

Mise-en-scene analysis
• Semiotics: how images signify cultural meanings

narrative techniques are used to engage the audience

How does the use of the narrative conventions of the crime drama – use of enigmas,
binary oppositions, restricted narration etc. – position the audience?

e narrative structure of The Missing offers gratification to the
audience.
• Narratology including Todorov

Conventions of the TV series and the way in which this form is used to appeal to
audiences; how it is distinct from, but related to series and serials.

belonging to the drama and crime genres

The relationship between Genre and Myth
• Genre theory including Neale

Negative and positive use of stereotypes

e representation of gender in
The Missing – Judith Butler

Feminist debates – Violence and the representation of gender. This could include the
controversy around using violent crime against women as popular entertainment
• Representations of family and their ideological significance

The Missing is the BBC’s response to the success of ITV’s Broadchurch which reintroduced the
English language extended serial format to UK drama schedules following the success of foreign
language series such as The Killing and the The Bridge. It is an example of co-operation between
the BBC, STARZ (USA) and the Belgian government’s Tax Shelter scheme.

production, distribution and circulation of The Missing shows how audiences can
be reached, both on a national and global scale, through different media technologies
and platforms,

a producers target, attract and potentially construct audiences.
• Cultivation theory including Gerbner
• Reception theory including Hall

Witnesses

Mise-en-scene analysis
• Semiotics: how images signify cultural meanings
• Postmodernism: Use of pastiche and bricolage

narrative conventions of the crime drama – use of enigmas,
binary oppositions, restricted and omniscient narration etc -– position the audience?

narrative of Witnesses can be defined as postmodern in its self-reflexive style –
particularly in its narrative about the family.
• Narratology including Todorov

series as belonging to the drama and crime genres
• Conventions of the TV series and the way in which this form is used to appeal to
audiences; how it is distinct from, but related to series and serials.

Representation of national and regional identity (Northern France)

Representation of gender: The woman as detective, the male boss, gender stereotypes
etc.
• Feminist debates – Violence and the representation of gender. This could include the
controversy around using violent crime against women as popular entertainment
• Analysis of how the representations convey values, attitudes and beliefs about the world
• Theories of representation including Hall
• Feminist theories including bell hooks and Van Zoonen

Witnesses is part of a recent trend – which really started with BBC4’s showing of The Killing – for
foreign language series to perform well critically and commercially with particular UK audiences.
Witnesses, as an example of French Public Service Broadcasting provides the opportunity to
study PSB in a different national context. Originally broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK, Witnesses
was also part of the new online channel ‘Walter Presents’ providing an example of the influence of
new technology and convergence on media industries.

The way in which different audience interpretations reflect social, cultural and historical
circumstances is evident in the analysis of the series which are explicitly linked to
contemporary issues

demonstrate how media producers target, attract and potentially construct audiences.
• Cultivation theory including Gerbner
• Reception theory including Hall

Witnesses is part of cultural phenomenon of the early twenty-first century which for the first time
saw TV series not in the English language become part of mainstream UK broadcasting. That
these series were dominated by the crime genre was part of a wider cultural phenomenon which
saw the crime genre become the key form for exploring social and cultural contexts. The series
used the genre to explore – amongst other themes – society’s fear of and desire for violence,
social isolation and changing gender roles. The debate around the representation of violence
against women has become particularly controversial and is part of the political context of the
series. The economic context can be explored through patterns of ownership and production and
how the product is marketed nationally and globally

Commercial media – starz for the missing

Public service broadcaster – BBC for the missing

horizontal integration – starz and BBC for the missing

 The series was co-produced by New Pictures, Company Pictures, Two Brothers Pictures and Playground Entertainment 

vertical integration –  The distributor is All3Media who sold the series at MIPCOM,

Media concentration/ convergence : companies working together i.e starz and bbc for the missing

media pluralism : different companies making different sorts of production and culture instead of one company making all the productions

Hesmondhalgh researches what it’s like for media workers and media concentration.

media bussiness are reliant upon changing consumption patterns.

reliant upon marketing and publicity

internet is dominant by a relatively small number of providers

internet increasingly dominated by commercialized activity

Chomsky– this links to manufacturing consent for example step 1 is ownership and this is clear with daily mail as it’s part of one large conglomerate DMGT, which owns several smaller companies like Daily Mail, Mail on Sunday and Metro and it’s even bought the I now for 49.6 million in November 2019 .

Step 2 is how the papers (Daily Mail and I) advertise the messages they want to spread within the paper, or for example ‘your tactical voting to boost the Tories and Brexit’, they can advertise and spread this message due to the fact they own several papers which are all owned by the DMGT therefore they can decide to advertise and spread messages promoting Brexit and cultivating the audience.

3 the media elite- these are the few bosses like Viscount Rothmore and he’s a supporter of the conservative party. Daily Mail was founded by Alfred Harmsworth and Harold Harmsworth. It’s the people at the top of company who get to decide what is posted and what’s in the paper and the editor is George Carron Greig who is an English journalist Greig supported the UK remaining in the EU in the June 2016 referendum as editor of The Mail on Sunday. He then shifted his stance to supporting Theresa May‘s withdrawal agreement. Greig was considered to have steered the Daily Mail in a pro-Remain direction, which has been criticised by his predecessor.

4- the flak is the people they go against and we know they’re conservatives so they’re against labor and democrats. Lastly, they are also the common enemy.

Habermas– the theory of the public sphere is evident in both papers, they both create a private space for people to meet and discuss common interests. For example, the conservative sided paper will allow other conservatives to meet and discuss their political issues as they share a common interest in them and they achieve this public sphere through the fact they have reading the paper in common.

Althusser– His theory of interpellation and ideological state apparatus can be applied to either paper. These papers are what shapes us into who we are and they construct an identity for us, i.e the papers may include things that shape our political views or tell us how to behave and cultivate us into behaving and believing the way they want us to through inter

‘anyone is free to start a daily national newspaper, but few can afford even to contemplate the prospect’ – Curran

‘the national press was overwhelmingly right wing… conservative party was 71% greater than conservative votes as a percentage of votes cast’ – Curran

‘high entry costs were found to curtail the freedom to publish in other sectors of the press between 2-3 million’ – Curran

‘the leading three properties share of the national daily press had soared up 89%’ – Curran

‘ if the press commissions flirtation with social market policies was a failure, the tentative steps they took to promote the professionalization of the press were scarcely more successful’ – Curran

‘until the 1980’s the broadcasting in Britain was not fettered, but liberated for cultural and political expansion by the requirements of public service’ – Seaton

‘public serving regulation has secured the survival or a successful broadcasting industry, one which became most significant economically and which has become and important exporter of programmed while continuing to discuss and mold national issues’ – Seaton

‘in 1980 public service became unfashionable. Yet those who derided it often had a financial interest in weakening it , or alternately, or disliked the political autonomy of broadcasting’ – Seaton

Corporations- what companies tell us and want us to think- get money

Public- government and state- inform public

Civil- us people- independent i.e school radio or hospital radio

Jurgen Habermas (public sphere)- the public sphere is a place for us people to meet and discuss what we have in common, it’s a place for people with the same interests to discuss things they’re interested in.

James curran and Jean Seaton (theory of liberal free press)– the theory that the press should be free and not heavily dominated by large company money crazy conglomerates. We should be watchdogs filtering out info and deciding for ourselves what we believe in and not just believing in anything we see. Some companies are independent and post what they like however a lot are controlled by large conglomerates making them take a bias view in order to cultivate their audiences.

Noam Chompsky (5 filters that manufacture consent)- manufacturing consent is the act of getting us, the audience to agree with the dominant ideology spread by the media/whoever is trying to get their message across. 1- is ownership and how all the big conglomerates own everything, 2- how things are advertised i.e we will be cultivated into agreeing if we see it enough, 3 – the media elite, these are the people who choose what is shared and posted making us believe what they want, 4- flak this happens to anyone trying to go against this system and they will be labelled with flak making them seem less credible and lastly 5 – is the common enemy to make you believe you have the same goal and through this enemy they can make you think you’re doing the right thing. I.e 9/11 made Muslims the common enemy so they were discriminated.

Louis Althusser ( interpellation and ISA)– Ideological state apparatus are the social things around us i.e the media, school, family, friends ans state and they shape us into what we are today and conform us using their values. They interpellate us into what they expect us to be using the ISA.

Antonio Gramsci (hegemony/ hegemonic struggle) – the power those in charge over us have and how they can cultivate their audiences into believing/doing things, i.e a famous artist could sing about racial inequality to raise attention and due to their hegemony their audiences could follow. The hegemonic struggle is the act of us people defying and not following what the media and people in charge say and us being watchdogs and filtering our info.

Philosophy/ way of understanding the World.Looking at the world through this lens allows you to see the world in a different way. Music videos can often be seen as postmodern.

Suggests nothing is new, we revisit old things and modernize them. Complimented and fragmentary set of inter-relations and re-imaginary.

Pastiche is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist. Parody is a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony.

Intertextuality – one text is referencing another. Shuker notes, two points are frequently made about music videos: ‘their preoccupation with visual style’.’Fragmentary, decentred nature of music videos’ and  ‘no longer able to distinguish ‘fiction’ from ‘reality’. ‘making them part of a blatantly consumerist culture‘

‘involves the rearrangement and juxtaposition of previously unconnected signs to produce new codes of meaning’ (Barker & Jane, 2016:237). 

STYLE OVER SUBSTANCE. Put another way, are we more interested in the surface of an object than its’ inner meaning?

a postmodern world, surfaces and style become the most important defining features of the mass media and popular culture‘ (Strinati: 234). 

Richard Hoggart (Uses of Literacy) – talks about shift in media technological culture, what’s seen as old boring and rubbish and something happened in 50/ 60’s, impact on neighborhood lives, everything was local. In about 100 years the world grew from 2 billion people to 6 billion and it turned the world into consumers and nothing was local anymore now you just buy and don’t make anything and just consume more and that’s how were characterized.

Fragmentary consumption = Fragmentary identities. Postmodern culture is consumer culture. Alienated individuals living in a fragmented society.

The loss of a metanarrative. Religion is a metanarrative i.e going to heaven its a belief that everything comes to place and sorts itself out. There was an enlightenment which suggested it’s fake.

‘real’ seems to be imploding in on itself, a ‘process leading to the collapse of boundaries between the real and simulations’ (Barker & Emma, 2015:242). .A process which the French intellectual Jean Baudrillard would describe as IMPLOSION which gives rise to what he terms SIMULACRA. 

A simulation, from Baudrillard’s perspective of implosion, it is has become more than a representation or simulation and it has become SIMULACRUM. Hyper-real.

Pastiche- is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist.

Parody-  is a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony.

Bricolage-

Intertexuality-

Metanarrative-

Hyperreality-

Simulacrum-

Consumerist society-

Fragmentary identities-

Implosion-

cultural appropriation-

reflexivity-

Orientalism by Edward Said– link between culture, imperial power and colonialism.’the power to narrate, or to block other narratives from forming or emerging, is very important to culture and imperialism’.

 ‘An accepted grid for filtering through the Orient into Western consciousness‘ (Barry, 2017 : 195)

‘an economic system like a nation or a religion, lives not by bread alone, but by beliefs, visions, daydreams as well, and these may be no less vital to it for being erroneous’ V. G. Kiernan.

The recognition of the ‘Other’ is mainly attributed the French philosopher and psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan.   ‘The Other’ as a way of exploring ourselves. The mirror stage.

Louis Althusser: ISA’s & the notion of ‘Interpellation’. ISA= ideological state apparatus. ‘all ideology hails or interpellates concrete individuals as concrete subjects, through the functioning of the category of the subject ‘(Althusser 1971:190) . Society is structured to keep you in place.’ The ruling ideology, which is the ideology of ‘the ruling class’,’ (2014:245). Ruling ideas are your ideas. You are interpellated or hailed in that society as a subject (the way in which you are constructed by dominant ideology, i.e if dominant ideology is male you will be interpellated for being a women and you are the ‘other’.)

Black face was when black or white people pained black over their face and acted stereo typically and in a racist way depicting black people.

‘from America, black voices will take up the hymn with fuller unison. The ‘black world’ will see the light .- FRANTZ Fanon

1. Assimilation of colonial culture corresponding to the ‘mother country’ Chinua Achebe talks of the colonial writer as a ‘somewhat unfinished European who with patience guidance will grow up one day and write like every other European.’ (1988:46)
2. Immersion into an ‘authentic’ culture ‘brought up out of the depths of his memory; old legends will be reinterpreted’
3. Fighting, revolutionary, national literature, ‘the mouthpiece of a new reality in action’.

Gramsci believes culture is a tug of war for power, its a hegemonic struggle. Fighting the power and reclaiming power. N-word reclaiming the language.

 the concept of Hegemony to illustrate how certain cultural forms predominate over others, which means that certain ideas are more influential than others, usually in line with the dominant ideas, the dominant groups and their corresponding dominant interests.  Gramsci ,1993:59).

• Pastiche- A form of artistic work that imitates the work of another artists work or period.
• Bricolage – The construction or creating of something made out of a range or things ie making a music video out of clips recorded on a range of available tools like camera.
• Intertextuality  – the relationship between texts ie the relationship between the song and music video.
• Implosion – The tendency to collapse arising from the system’s own dynamics. Implosion arises from the destruction of meaning and the reality-effect due to the precession of simulacra.
• cultural appropriation – It is the adoption of an element or elements of one culture by members of another culture.