• Time
• Space
• Theme
• Linear
• Sequential

Tztevan Todorov 3 part structure:

• Equilibrium
• Disruption
• New equilibrium

Exposition/ Climax/ Denouement

Vladimir propp– set characters

• Hero
• Villain
• Victim

• Pastiche – A pastiche is a work that imitates other works in a positive way, such as a homage. 
• Bricolage – A collection of works that are brought together in the creation of one work. 
• Intertextuality – The connection between different texts and the influence of some texts to other texts. 
• Implosion – The sudden collapse of something inwards 
• cultural appropriation – The use of other cultures by people of different cultures (often more dominant ones) outside their original cultural contexts. This is an example of how dominant cultures often use aspects of disadvantaged cultures without appreciation for those cultures. 

1. COLONIALISM– When a country has power over it’s people
2. POST COLONIALISM– The study of the effects of colonialism and the ideas that remain once a country has been decolonised 
3. DIASPORA– The involuntary spread of a population from their home country
4. BAME-Used to refer to members of non-white communities in the UK
5. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY)– Describes the internal conflict of a minority in society
6. CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM– A political approach places views of ethnic groups as fixed 
7. CULTURAL SYNCRETISM– When aspects of different cultures merge together resulting in something positive
8. ORIENTALISM (SAID)– How we view people of the middle east
9. APPROPRIATION– Is the adoption of an element or elements of one culture by members of another culture
10. CULTURAL HEGEMONY– The domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class
11. THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS)– A part of our social life in which public opinion can be formed 
12. THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS– Public service broadcasting is often biased when representing minority groups which causes society to adopt stereotypes and misunderstandings of them

• 

War of The Worlds was a book originally published by H.G Wells in 1898. The War of the Worlds is an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air, directed and narrated by Orson Welles, between both WW1 and WW2 The 30’s was a decade of uncertainty and unfortunate events as people were still recovering from WW1, the Great Depression and Wall Street’s crash. However, this was a good time for some leaders such as Hitler as his party was gaining popularity and strengthening their overall force, as well as its’ persecution of Jewish people who the Nazis opposed, this caused an anticipantion of a second world war bringing with it an air of uncertainty and negativity. The 1930’s to the 1940’s was also considered the ‘Golden Age’ of radio and radio was the most used media platform in households across the world.

The War Of The Worlds broadcast was broadcasted in America by CBS radio and was part of The Mercury Theatre on the Air series, almost 80% of households in America owned a radio at this time. The broadcast is an early example of a hybrid as it mixes conventions from H.G Wells’ science-fiction story together with a News / Documentary type broadcast. There was a drama performance of war of the worlds which was set out to sound like modern day live broadcast. They did this by coppying live broaadcasts by having one announcement at the beginning of the broadcast to warn listeners that it was a play and not a real news broadcast it also only had no breaks to make it flow like a live broadcast. The War of the Worlds broadcast is also considered an early form of ‘fake news’ as it supposedly had some members of the American public believe that there had been an alien invasion on earth. 

 Welles used simulated on-the-scene radio reports about aliens advancing on New York City linking to the story. Repetition of this technique throughout the performance links to Stuart Hall’s Cultivation Theory where over time a story becomes more believable.

The broadcast presented manufacturing consent which links with Noam Chomsky’s ideas. Therefore, this creates a presence on how the media dominates and is dominated by power. By exposing how people react with panic if the “news” provides the audience with information about the significance of an event, Orson Welles exposed how the media can spread misinformation i.e. ‘Fake News’. The War of the Worlds broadcast is also considered an early form of ‘fake news’ as it supposedly had some members of the American public believe that there had been an alien invasion on earth.

The War Of The Worlds is a historically significant media product as it was an early idea of how the media can persuade and affect peoples thoughts and views on the world around them and can influence a person’s thoughts and feelings towards a specific thing whether it be political or an opinion on a book. This still happens today where the media affects and influences peoples ideas and opinions on different subjects.

• The i is a British national morning paper published in London by Daily Mail and General Trust and distributed across the United Kingdom. It is aimed at “readers and lapsed readers” of all ages and commuters with limited time, and was originally launched in 2010 as a sister paper to The Independent.
• The i takes a political stance on the centre of the political spectrum, with many front-page headline articles being concerned with social issues and inequality – but it also claims to be politically balanced 
•  The paper and its website were bought by the Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) on 29 November 2019, for £49.6 million
• During the referendum on the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union, held in June 2016, the paper chose not to declare for either “leave” or “remain”, unlike a majority of other British newspapers who came out for either side of the debate. in the 2017 UK general election, the i chose not to endorse a political party.

• Habermas is a German philosopher and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism.
• His work addresses communicative rationality and the public sphere
• “a public space between the private domain and the state in which public opionion was formed and ‘popular’ supervision of government was established”
• The media as watchdog

‘a neutral zone where access to relevant information affecting the public good is widely available’

‘the development of early modern capitalism brought into being an autonomous arena of public debate’

‘the primary democratic role of the media is to act as a public watchdog overseeing the state’

Agenda setting- the media set the agenda by influencing viewers.

Framing- The media frames the agenda by including colours pictures etc in their magazines to present to the audience.

Myth making- Myths are supported by fake news