Connection to identity and representation

Orientalism – style, artefacts, or traits considered characteristic of the peoples and cultures of Asia.

‘the power to narrate, or to block other narratives from forming or emerging, is very important to culture and imperialism‘ Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, 1993: xiii

^^Blocking ethnic people (orient – asia) from telling their own stories

Important quote ‘the privileged role of culture in the modern imperial experience’  Edward Said

‘the East is seen as a fascinating realm of the exotic, the mystical and the seductive.’ (Barry, 2017:195) – idea of going to Asia is a free spirited journey, different portrayal to if travel from Asia to Britain.

The past and history of the black journey, with white Europeans (West vs East) above black race has created a dominant ideology in the current era, even though it is considered subtle, there are still many areas where racism is still a firm part of society

The Other

Jacque Lacan – Theory of the other – mirror stage – ‘we cannot actually see ourselves as whole, we use a reflection to understand who we are / who we are not’

Louis Althusser: ISA’s & the notion of ‘Interpellation’

To describe the way in which structures of civic society (education, culture, the arts, the family, religion etc.) serve to structure the ideological perspectives of society, which in turn form our individual identity. Socially structured by our surroundings created by the rest of society which has developed through time, to curate and understand our own identity

Frantz Fanon

Book The Wretched of the Earth (1961)

Assimilation of colonial culture corresponding to the ‘mother country’ Chinua Achebe talks of the colonial writer as a ‘somewhat unfinished European who with patience guidance will grow up one day and write like every other European.’ (1988:46)

Immersion into an ‘authentic’ culture ‘brought up out of the depths of his memory; old legends will be reinterpreted’

Fighting, revolutionary, national literature, ‘the mouthpiece of a new reality in action’.

Antonio Gramsci – Hegemony

illustrates how certain cultural forms predominate over others, which means that certain ideas are more influential than others, usually in line with the dominant ideas, the dominant groups and their corresponding dominant interests. In terms of postcolonialism Said, notes how ‘consent is gained and continuously consolidated for the distant rule of native people and territories’ (1993:59).

Power of individuls and communities to take back derogatory terms and bring power back to communities

Paul Gilroy – double consciousness

Inspired by W.E.B Du Bois,  involves ‘Black Atlantic’ striving to be both European and Black through their relationship to the land of their birth and their ethnic political constituency

Structural level – organisation, groups society’s

Textual level- individual images, films

Untouchable – Harvey Weinstein documentary

Laura Mulvey

• wrote an essay in 1975 called ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’
• her thesis being the role of the male gaze
• theoretical approach that suggests the role of ‘women as image, man as bearer of the look’
• active male (the one who’s looking), passive female (one who’s being looked at)
• scopophilia- sexual pleasure from watching others
• vouyerism- sexual pleasure gained in looking
• fetishism- erotic attachment to an inanimate object or an ordinarily asexual part of the human body

Jacques Lacan (the mirror moment)

• psychologist, specialised in child development
• Mulvey draws on his work on the mirror moment
• mirror stage of development, realising you’re a human being and your own person, at a young age
• Mulvey highlights the mirroring process that occurs between audience and screen ‘complex process of likeness and difference’

Raunch Culture

3rd wave of feminism characterised as a reaction to 2nd wave feminists coined by Naomi Wolf . Fighting against the Anti-sexualised narrative of 2nd wave feminists. More aware of feminist divisons, gay, straight, black, white – less blanket terms across ‘all-woman’

‘Raunch culture is the sexualised performance of women in media that can play into male stereotypes of women as highly sexually available, where its performers believe they are powerful owners of their own sexuality’ – Hendy and Stephenson

Judith Butler

• applied queer theory to Feminist Critical Thinking
• reductionist, essentialist approach towards binary oppositions, male/female, feminine/masculine, man/woman
• suggests gender is fluid, changeable, plural

Narratives are about time and spacing, usually linear with chronological sequences, with a beginning middle and end – but it is open to switching up

Often organised and focused around a main theme

The setting of characters and events becomes a story, and the combination of that in order of that creates a plot

Theorists:

Tztevan Todorov – Tripartite narrative structure (equilibrium, disruption, new equilibrium/Exposition, Climax, Denouement – 3 part structure, begin middle end) – skate focus – bored, learning, find passion

Claude Levi-Strauss – Binary oppositions (good bad, rich poor, old young – understand what something is by realising what it is not) – Bored to entertained

Vladimir Propp – Character types and functions (similar roles in all films and story’s – hero/villain) main character, fulfilling some sort of dream

Seymour Chatman – Satellites and Kernels (Narrator structured around main elements of story (kernel) and small features of less importance (Satellite)) – need to include skateboard but certain shots aren’t needed

Section C (teen vogue, i, WotW) – 2Q both 20 marks

Language of radio, audience and technology likely (+representation)

Andrew Crissel quote some bs

Fake News is old

broadcast on eve of WW2 and spread panic to US of invasion

Overview: Ray Ferrier, a dockworker, and his children are all set to spend a weekend together. However, an alien tripod descends on Earth, threatening to wipe out humanity.

By 1935, there were two times more radios in the home then telephones

“Moral Panic” Stanley Cohen – “Folk devils and moral panics” (worries in the public that media causes)

Andrew Crissel – “Radio is a blind media”

cbs produced world of wars

• War of the Worlds was broadcast by Columbia Broadcasting Company – an institution still in existence (in a very different form) today.
• Radio broadcasting was seen as direct competition to newspapers which had previously been the only way of receiving news.
• The broadcast is typical of the way institutions are always looking for new styles in order to attract audiences.
• Regulation – radio broadcasting was regulated by the Federal Communications Commission and it investigated the broadcast to see if it had broken any laws.
• The broadcast provides an excellent example to consider the effect of individual producers on media industries as this is the work of Orson Welles.

War of the Worlds can be considered in a historical context as it provides an interesting study of the power and influence of radio as a form during its early days of broadcasting. It is also useful to consider the product in a social, cultural and political context when considering audience responses to the programme. It was first broadcast on the eve of World War II and reflected fears of invasion in the US and concerns about international relations.

Section A – Language and Representation

1. 4 Mark multiple choice – 5min
2. 4 mark Key word definition – 5min
3. 20 mark Tomb Raider/Men’s health/Boss Life compare to a given figure – 25min
4. 10 marks Analyse a figure (magazine/game cover?) – 13min
5. 2 mark Define a term – 2min

Section B – Industry and Audience

1. 2 mark Define a definition – 2min
2. 15 marks Explain How Deutschland83/Hidden figure/Common … – 20min
3. 15 marks Explain How Deutschland83/Hidden figure/Common … – 20 min

Section C – Close Study (All)

1. 20 mark on Teen Vogue/The I/The War of the Worlds – 25 min
2. 20 mark on Teen Vogue/The I/The War of the Worlds – 25min

History:

Format – Was given a tabloid format

Editors – Oliver Duff

Political stance – Liberalism, slightly left

Target Audience – Middle Class

Cost – At the start of September 2017, to 60p for the weekday edition and then 80p for the weekend

Circulation – 265,949 (as of September 2017)

Profit – The owners of the i, Johnston Press, announced the newspaper was bringing in a monthly profit of around £1 million

Economic Left/Right: -3.13
Social Libertarian/Authoritarian: -1.59

Habermas argues the public state

“a public space between the private domain and the state in which public opinion was formed and ‘popular’ supervision of government was established” 

“This watchdog role is said to override in importance all other functions in media and to dictate the form in which the media should be organised”

“The primary democratic role of the media is to act as a public watchdog”

The media should work for the public interest. This should be regulated between the free market (people) or the state.

Habermas it the making of connections with each other rather than under the control of the government

The public space is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, possibly leading to political influence in the government

Horizontal – rather than vertical. No longer follows a hierarchy, more freedom.

Free and liberal press- cohan, media shouldn’t be controlled by government. freedom is needed.

Mass media and globalization has effected the public sphere, don’t talk about issues face to face anymore. Internet similar as it transformed the public sphere. Big companies have secured control over media.

The criteria for assessing the media presented below are limited by their origin. The countries from which they derive are politically pluralistic, predominantly capitalist, the media arrangments in force often divergent.

Technology and Newspapers
Production	Distribution	Consumption
pen / pencil / paper word processor / printer telephone camera microphone license computer	(large scale) printing press lorries / vans / cars stacks / shelves / display cases / boxes social media platforms company / organisation / individual to deliver product storage billboards, postman/papaperboy	paper (the ability to read? & understand?) a digital device (ipad/phone, computer reading glasses / eyes / braille / audio provision (headphones) Wifi

Noam Chomsky

Chomsky, otherwise known as “the father of modern linguistics”, is best known for his influence on linguistics, specifically, the development of transformational grammar. Chomsky believed that formal grammar was directly responsible for a person’s ability to understand and interpret mere utterances.

Chomsky propose that the mass communication media of the U.S. “are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion”

Consent is manufactured by:

Structures of ownership: Stories that only benefit the conglomerates

The role of advertising: A concealed term for propaganda to control the people, selling the people to the advertising companies

Links with ‘The Establishment’: The stories that benefit other companies and organisations with the people who own the business

Diversionary tactics – ‘flack’: Whistle-blowers and bad journalists are discredited and crushed. They also change the stories to control the audience for what they want to hear.

Uniting against a ‘common enemy’: the media proposes a enemy for the people to rally against