CHOMSKY’S 5 FILTERS

Ownership: Mass media firms are big corporations and are often part of even bigger conglomerates, their goal is profit and they will push for whatever guarantees that profit. 

Advertising: The second filter exposes the role of advertising. As media costs a lot more then consumers pay, advertisers fill the gap and pay for audiences. 

The Media Elite: The establishment manages the media through the third filter. Elite news companies have the resources to ease the news-gathering process. 

Flak: Flak refers to the negative commentary to a new story or journalist. Flak includes lawsuits, complaints, petitions, and government sanctions. 

Anti-Communism and Fear: This filter still operates; it mobilizes the population against a common enemy (terrorism etc) while demonizing opponents.  

• Oh  is a women’s magazine covering food, recipes, film, fashion, music, art and culture.

• Oh is an independent magazine, differing from Men’s Health. It is published by a small London publisher which only has one title.

• Oh shows how developments in new technology mean that small companies can also use the internet to communicate and target audiences.

• Oh only features images of women on the front cover, this is due to their strong views on gender representation and women’s rights.

• The main representation indicated in Oh is femininity, they also have control over feminist market.

• Targets a niche audience.

• Prints over multiple media forms.

• Murdoch dynasty links to feminist critical thinking because Bombshell shows the patriarchy that was taking place at Fox News.

• Murdoch dynasty owns over 800 companies in over 50 countries, making his empire a conglomerate.

• Murdoch’s holding company, News Corp, owns The New York Post, The Times of London, and The Wall Street Journal publisher Dow Jones & Company.

• individual net worth to be $6.53 billion as of July 31
•  the owner of hundreds of local, national, and international publishing outlets around the world, including The Sun and The Times in the UK, The Daily Telegraph and The Australian in Australia, The Wall Street Journal and The New York Post in the US

Key words:

media conglomerate – a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises

vertical integration – an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is owned by that company

horizontal integration –  the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain

regulation – the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends

Postmodernism helps us understand the time we live in now. It is linked to subjects such as media, photography and art and is seen as complicated and fragmentary.

Parody vs Pastiche

PARODY – a work of art, drama, literature, theatre, music or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist.

PASTICHE – a work of visual art, literature, theatre, music or architecture that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche celebrates, rather than mocks, the work it imitates.

Narrative theory can be applied to moving image texts but in many ways, narrative theory transcends a specific media form. Film and television holds a very great significance that links with our day-to-day lives and even our ambitions and dreams.

Narrative structures can vary. Many films follow a linear structure, that starts with a beginning, follows to a middle and finishes with an end. However, some films follow a different narrative structure such as non-linear, which means the film jumps around to different time zones.

Memento = non linear due to the fact it is unclear as to what part is the beginning and what part is the end.

Elision and ellipsis = not played in real time. Films often included flashbacks and flash-forwards to break the linear sequence.

Narrative strands are even able to be flagged up as something that will be fully explained later on in a film, this is known as foreshadowing.

Dramatic irony is also a narrative feature in many films. This occurs when the audience are made aware of something that the characters do not know.

Roland Barthes theory: Proairetic sand hermenuetic codes

Proairetic: action, movement, causation

Hermenuetic: reflection, dialogue, character,

Enigma code: the way in which intrigue and ideas are raised – which encourage an audience to want more information.

Re-imagining, pastiche, parody, copy, bricolage.

Intertexuality – surface signs, gestures and play. Signs only have meaning in reference to other signs.

Surfaces and style become the most important defining features of the mass media and popular culture.

Richard Hoggart – Uses of Literacy (1959) noted the shift in modern societies particularly the impact on our “neighborhood lives.”

Postmodern culture focuses on consumption hence the reason why society is more displaced.

Another key characteristic of postmodernism is the developed of fragmented, alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies.

1. Pastiche – imitate the style of an artist
2. Parody – imitate the style of an artist with a comic effect
3. Bricolage – diverse range of things
4. Intertextuality – relationship between texts
5. Metanarrative – a narrative account that experiments with or explores the idea of storytelling
6. Hyperreality – inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality
7. Simulacrum – an image or representation of someone or something
8. Conumerist Society – people devote a great deal of time, energy, resources and thought to “consuming”
9. Implosion –
10. cultural appropriation
11. Reflexivity