1. COLONIALISM: practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country and then occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically.
2. POST COLONIALISM: academic study of colonialism and imperialism
3. DIASPORA: A large group of people with similar heritage or homeland that have spread around the world.
4. BAME: used to refer to non-white communities in the UK ie, minority groups.
5. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY): the internal conflict of a minority in society
6. CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM: The assumption that one persons cultural norms and values take more importance over others.
7. CULTURAL SYNCRETISM: Different cultures merging and coming together to create something new in a positive way.
8. ORIENTALISM (SAID): The way that the Middle East is viewed.
9. APPROPRIATION: the adoption of elements from one culture by members of a different culture.
10. CULTURAL HEGEMONY: domination maintained through ideological or cultural means
11. THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS): a realm of our social life in which a public opinion can be formed.
12. THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS: Public service broadcasting eg, the news, is often biased when representing minority groups which causes society to adopt stereotypes and misunderstandings of these groups as they are under-represented.

Postcolonialism is the study of colonialism and the human consequences it has caused today of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands.

Theorists

Syncretism, double consciousness (the idea that you can be black and british or black and American etc) & hybridisation – these words are mechanisms for understanding cross-cultural identities.

People who write about this are Paul Gilroy (a British black academic)

He talked about double consciousness which is a term that came from W. E. B. Dubois meaning being black and british. He also talk s about ‘the place of racism in contemporary political culture.’

Notes, dates and cultural, social and historical

• ghost town by the specials was released in June 1981
• Spent 3 weeks at number 1 in the official charts
• In 1981 unemployment rates in the UK were at the high with almost 3 million unemployed. This caused riots and inspired the theme of a ‘Ghost town’
• The unusual diminished chords and weird sounds within the song, represent the strange times of the people.
• the music video conveys meaning as the band are the only people present so they are inside a ‘ghost town’
• In 2002 Jerry Dammers (a member of the band) told the guardian newspaper: “You travelled from town to town and what was happening was terrible. In Liverpool, all the shops were shuttered up, everything was closing down … We could actually see it by touring around. You could see that frustration and anger in the audience. In Glasgow, there were these little old ladies on the streets selling all their household goods, their cups and saucers. It was unbelievable. It was clear that something was very, very wrong.”
• The music video reflects the depressing scenes around the country that the band witnessed on tour.

Advert one:

• advert for game action adam
• fuse character
• tall buildings background? London?

Advert two:

• new console
• coloured background from style model

advert three:

• football event
• fuse
• stadium background

• History, 
• Format, 
• Editors, 
• Political stance
• Target Audience
• Cost – The paper is now 65p on weekdays and £1.20 at the weekend
• Circulation
• Profit 

The paper and its website were bought by the Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) on 29 November 2019, for £49.6 million.

An average daily circulation of 302,757 in March 2013

Political stance: The i takes a political stance on the centre of the political spectrum, with many front-page headline articles being concerned with social issues and inequality – but it also claims to be politically balanced and to publish points of view from both left and right.

Nick Clegg, former UK Deputy Prime Minister and former leader of the Liberal Democrats, a centrist party, is a fortnightly columnist for the i. His column usually features in the “My View” comment section of the paper.^[27]

During an interview for the i in December 2017, Labour leader, Jeremy Corbyn declared himself to be a dedicated reader of the i, saying that its compact size and concise articles suited his busy lifestyle as Leader of Her Majesty’s Opposition.^[28]

Curran and Seaton theory: The idea that the media is controlled by a small number of companies primarily driven by the logic of profit and power. “The free market makes the press a representative institution…newspapers and magazines are to respond to the concerns of their readers if they are to stay in business.” 

The media can make you believe you’re free but you’re actually not. An example of this is new technologies and businesses sharing and selling data.

“a public space between the private domain and the state in which public opionion was formed and ‘popular’ supervision of government was established”

The public sphere connects people together and it is the idea that we are connected horizontally. This could be through communication in public spaces or social spaces for example a coffee shop or your workplace. Reading, writing and newspapers is a part of this as it allows us to connect with each other and different parts of the world. The invention of the internet has allowed us to have connections with each other too.

Habermas explores the way in which the news is discussed in the public sphere.

The concept of public interest:

• The mass media carry out some essential tasks for the wider benefit of society
• something is in the public interest if it serves the whole of society instead of a specific group
• public control or deregulation (extension of the free market)

Noam Chomsky on manufacturing consent

Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media is a 1988 book by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, in which the authors propose that the mass communication media of the U.S. “are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalised assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion”.

Propaganda is information that is used primarily to influence an audience. This process of ‘manipulation’ or ‘persuasion’ works in five ways:

• Structures of ownership: Large companies working together to deliver propaganda
• The role of advertising: Influential language and media to gain and manipulate an audience into buying a product that would potentially ‘better their lives’.
• Links with ‘The Establishment’
• Diversionary tactics – ‘flack’
• Uniting against a ‘common enemy’