What is the theory? Habermas believed democracy depended on the public and came up with the theory of the public sphere which is where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems and form a public opinion.

Evidence from CSP’s? The i newspaper is politically liberal/centrist. This means it slightly favours left but is still mostly unbiased compared to other uk newspapers as centrism is a political outlook that involves acceptance or support of social equality. The editor, Oliver Duff has articles which mostly focus on global issues or straightforward unbiased political news. For example an article: We can find opportunities for common ground in adversity by supporting businesses safely after lockdown.

Interpretation: This applies to Habermas and the public sphere, because it focuses on delivering unbiased news, therefore the public can come together and form their own opinion without being persuaded into having a different political view. Another way in which the public sphere is represented in the i is that there is no set target audience which is more inclusive of the whole public instead of focusing on one group of people.

Divide the table up into similarities and differences. Think conceptually and answer the following 10 questions.

1.      When they were first introduced – ie do they have a tradition?

2.      Are they part of a bigger organisational structure?

3.      Are they known for a particular political perspective?

4.      What kind of journalism do they produce? What is their USP? What stories do they specialise in?

5.      What kind of people run the paper? Produce the stories?

6.      Do they have a similar readership reach?

7.      Do they have a similar readership profile / target audience?

8.      How are they currently doing? Increasing or decreasing sales and revenue?

9.      How are they looking to embrace new media technologies?

10.  Do they have a similar layout and design?

The daily mail	The i
Daily mail has been around a lot longer: 17 January 1967 and	The i: June 29, 2007
Daily mail has a right-wing, conservative political view.	The i is liberal.
DMG Media (daily mail and general trust) owns both the i and daily mail newspaper.	DMG Media (daily mail and general trust) owns both the i and daily mail newspaper.
Daily Mail circulation: 1,134,184 (as of February 2020)	The i circulation: 221,083 (as of October 2019)
Both have embraced new media technologies through online websites and apps. MailOnline is the most visited English-language newspaper website.	Both have embraced new media technologies through online websites and apps. MailOnline is the most visited English-language newspaper website.
Daily mail is more of a middle market paper. Meaning it covers entertainment stories as well as news.	Free press factual news.
The Daily Mail’s main target audience is lower-middle-class British women.	Whereas the i is described as for everyone of all ages, genders and class.
Tabloid	Broadsheet

• The Daily Mail’s main target audience is lower-middle-class British women.
• The Mail has traditionally been a supporter of the Conservatives and has supported this party in all recent general elections.
• Heavily criticised in the past for being racist, homophobic and sexist
• Criticised for sexism as it often focuses on women’s appearances rather than their work eg Emma Watson.
• Often scrutinises women for their clothing choices and using inappropriate headlines describing women.
• Globally, MailOnline is the most visited English-language newspaper website
• The Monday to Saturday edition of the Daily Mail circulates 1,158,192 copies and has a daily readership of 2.2 million.
• A survey in 2014 found the average age of its readers was 58

1. Jurgen Habermas and the concept of the Public Sphere
2. James Curran & Jean Seaton – the theory of the liberal free press
3. Noam Chomsky – the 5 filters that manufacture consent
4. Louis Althusser – interpellation & Ideological State Appraratus
5. Antonio Gramsci – the concept of hegemony / hegemonic struggle

1. Habermas believed democracy depended on the public and came up with the theory of the public sphere which is where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems and form a public opinion.
2. Curran and Seaton‘s power and media theory is that different media producers have different rules. For example, if the media producer is paid by the government it must remain unbiased. Liberal Free press, is free from interference and political control, therefore they can be neutral or biased.
3. Noam Chomsky says there has been debate about how the Internet has changed the public’s access to information since 1988. The theory of manufacturing consent has five “filters” that determine the type of news that is presented in the media. It is manipulating people without them being aware of it. These five filters are: ownership of the medium, the medium’s funding sources, sourcing, flak, and anti-communism or “fear ideology”. Flak is the negative responses to a media statement or ideology. But this is blocked an rejected by the media which gives them control.
4. Ideolgical State Apparatus – is a theoretical concept developed by Althusser which is used to describe the way in which society is constructed through: education, culture, the arts, the family, religion, bureaucracy, administration etc. These form our individual subject identity. So, for example, your family and friends influence your values. In other words – He said ISA’s is what makes us, us, in society. It is a structure that we are in which is full of ideas, values and beliefs. These things construct who we are as individuals so that we become a certain person. This could be your friends, school, the government, they all shape our beliefs and make us stuck there.
5. Hegemonic struggle is a concept by Gramsci. It is the chance to reclaim. Imagine a tug of war between your own identity and what other people are telling you. Gramsci raises the concept of Hegemony to illustrate “how certain cultural forms predominate over others, which means that certain ideas are more influential than others”

There has been debate about how the Internet has changed the public’s access to information since 1988. The theory of manufacturing consent has five general classes of “filters” that determine the type of news that is presented in news media. It the art of manipulating people without them being aware of it.

Consent for economic, social, and political policies, both foreign and domestic, is “manufactured” in the public mind due to this propaganda.

The theory consists of five general classes of “filters” that determine the type of news that is presented in news media. These five classes are: ownership of the medium, the medium’s funding sources, sourcing, flak, and anti-communism or “fear ideology”.

Flak: ‘negative responses to a media statement or [TV or radio] program.

Anti-communism is a political movement and ideology opposed to communism.

You should create four pages from a music magazine – specifically:
a. a front cover featuring the artist/band promoted in task one
b. a two-page interview with the artist/band
c. a single page advert for the artist/band’s tour.
The magazine targets a mainstream music audience.
The front cover and interview can use some images from the same photoshoot but other original images that offer some visual variety should also be used.
The interview should be used to promote the tour and the music video. It should also reinforce the brand image of the artist/band and integrate some reference to the headphone manufacturers who are sponsoring the band/artist.

Style models:

Oh ~ previously Oh Comely

Oh Comely is part of a development in lifestyle and environmental movements of the early twenty first century which rebrand consumerism as an ethical movement. It’s representation of femininity reflects an aspect of the feminist movement which celebrates authenticity and empowerment. It is able to create new media representations.

In contrast to Men’s Health magazine, Oh Comely is an independent magazine published by Iceberg Press, a small London publisher.

There is an absence of men as part of the representation of masculinity in the Oh magazine. This means that the magazine is more aimed towards female consumers as there is an absense of themes of masculinity and more focused towards femininity. They construct this representation of femininity by focusing on creativity, quirkiness and influential women plus it supports the feminist movement.

Rupert Murdoch is so succesful that his decision to support labour, impacted the new labour party election in 1997. Becuase of his ownership of The sun, the times and news of the world. These newspapers promoted the labour goverment and leader Tony Blair. The police accepted briebs from Murdochs company to gain data from them, however nothing was ever done about it. This is an example of Murdoch’s power and the influence his media companies can have on society.

hesmondhalgh’s theory talks about theories of the self and identity in relation to aspirational ambitions and the realities of the creative economy. He critically analyses the relationship between media work and the media industry. How it is romanticised vs the reality of the industry. academics

Murdoch’s media empire includes Fox News, Fox Sports, the Fox Network, The Wall Street Journal, and HarperCollins. In March 2019, Murdoch sold the majority of 21st Century Fox’s entertainment assets to the Walt Disney Company for $71.3 billion.

David Hesmondhalgh is among a range of academics who critically analyse the relationship between media work and the media industry. He wrote a book about this called ‘The Culture Industries’

‘the distinctive organisational form of the cultural industries has considerable implications for the conditions under which symbolic creativity is carried out’ The Culture Industries 

‘many more people seem to have wanted to work professionally in the cultural industries than have succeeded in do so. Few people make it, and surprisingly little attention has been paid in research to how people do so, and what stops others from getting on.’ 

‘creative work is now imagined only as a self-actualising pleasure, rather than a potentially arduous or problematic obligation undertaken through material necessity‘

He is taking about the theories of the self and identity in relation to aspirational ambitions and the realities of the creative economy. How it is romanticised vs the reality of the industry.