• Difference between a consumer based media regulation system and a citizen based regulation system?
• Need rules and regulations
• When media focuses on what consumers want – based on what you want
• Who makes it available – government – what is good for society, individuals, groups – laws, religion etc
• A system for those who have and don’t have money
• What you want to do what they want you to do
• Laws and regulations – sustainability, fairness etc
• The rich, the young determine market and products – specific consumers choice (Sport no news)
• What impact did the 20003 communications act have on media regulation?
• Introduced OFCOM
• Ensuring one is not dominating
• Independent television production companies were freed up to produce content that was more commercially available
• the production of programmings that lacks civic minded republicanism that have been fostered within the previous regulatory framework
• To get more individuals involved rather than a few dominating companies
• ‘Trouble is little accountability regarding actions to further citizens actions are forthcoming’
• Not strong enough enforcement
• What is the drawback of a self-regulated system?
• Those in the wrong are in charge – complain to adverting standers, the advertisers are in charge of it – cannot regulate yourself
• Voyeuristic tendency – consumer demand
• Millie Dowler lead to Leverson Inquiry – regulation is not enforced enough/not acceptable – neo -libral – allows freedom of choice
• PBS – Civic model not consumer – need BBC/unbiased truthful ect
• How do you regulate media content and organisations on a global scale?
• Tech Giants regulation
• Leaders to universally agree – responsibility

• FACTS:
• Created in 1967 – swinging 60s (60 years ago)
• Reactionary – Rep of male and women
• Social changes; abortion legalized, homosexuality decriminalized, feminism (2nd wave)
• Dated – context of reception
• 50-70 disappearance of empire – commonwealth creation – post colonialism (jungle/exotic)

• ANALYSES:
• Traces of hypermasculinity (psychological term for the exaggeration of male stereotypical behaviour, such as an emphasis on physical strength, aggression, and sexuality) are evident in this CSP.
• The over emphasis on the male protagonists as being domainte over the inferior women.
• Examples:
• Sitting on a stretcher covered in tigers skin (masculinity/strength)
• Carrying a rifle (masculinity/power/fighting/war/control)
• Jungle setting (wild/power)
• Surrounded by women being lifted by them (inferior/sexual/idolizing/power over)
• Women wearing lots of makeup/ hair styles
• Thin women, wearing minimal clothing
• Man smiling – women poising
• Semantic field of masculinity – ‘masculine sent, groom, action’ etc
• FEMINISM:
• Jean Kilbourn talks about the representation and effects that advertising has in society. Such as the affects it has on women’s self esteem, body image and goals in life and how it affects men’s perception of women.

• Operant conditioning: Skinner – change behaviour
• Fiction of Free Will = links to Marxs, Gramsci, Allthessar – social conditioning determines behaviour not free will
• Predetermined – companies – promise of reward – conditioned by algorithms
• Propaganda vs persuasion:
• propaganda – expressions of opinions or actions carried out deliberately by individual;s or groups with a view to influence the opinions or actions of the other individuals or groups for predetermined ends through psychological manipulations – Ellul 1965
• appears overtly political and manipulative, whereas the process of persuasion often appears invisible at first, subsequently revealed as invidious, suggesting concealment, strategies, manipulation.
• Zuboff – 1974 = various forms of persuasion are used to stimulate certain types of behaviors while suppressing others.
• technology has began new methods of behaviour control capable of altering not just an individuals actions but his very personality and manner of thinking.
• New Tech – a control technology – manipulating and altering.

• Theory:
• Hypodermic model: Big organisations
• direct injection: inject direct messages
• passive audience: into a passive audience

Habermas theorised the concept of the free press whereby the media and the press should be free from interference and bias, ownership and political control. He argued that the newspaper should be made by the people for the people in ‘coffee house culture’ and deliver factual and unbiased accounts.

Elements of this are evident in the ‘I Newspaper’ and in its struggle for a just and égalitarisme society. ‘Do you want the good news or the bad news?’. This interrogative headline of the 19th October 2020 edition illustrates the newspapers values.

As a liberal free press, unlike the sensationalist and inaccurate account of science and medical research in order often seen in the Daily Mail newspaper, the I strives to give through and factual accounts of current affairs, not withholding or exaggerating issues in order to increase sales currently set at 221083. This is seen as the headline offers facts from both sides of the argument in order to deliver the truth to the audience despite the outcome as it is not corrupt or influenced by political control.

This links to Habemas as it draws on his concept of free press. The I is a liberal free press, that seeks to deliver facts and true accounts to the audiences, free from bias and political control.

• Currently owned and chaired by Jonathan Harmsworth (great-grandson of one of the original co-founders).
• The Daily Mail is a British daily middle-market newspaper Tabloid
• UK’s highest-circulated daily newspaper on average 980,000 copies are sold per day across the UK.
• Average age of readers are 58
• Noted for unreliability and widely criticised for its sensationalist and inaccurate account of science and medical research in order,
• The Mail was originally a Broadsheet, whereas the Daily Sketch was published as a tabloid.
• During the 1930s it supported Fascism. The original Lord Rothermere supported Mussolini and Hitler, and directed the newspapers editorial stance towards them in the early 1930s.
• Traditionally supports the conservative party.

Louis Althusser:

Louis Althusser looked at Ideological state apparatus (ISA) which refer to the structures filled with ideological ideas and beliefs that are connected to States and dominant interests and idea. ISA’s are complied with as they constantly reinforced and viewed by the mass as what is ‘right’, ‘normal’ and ‘expected’.  IDA’s includes the theory behind how atrocities such as Slavery and Genocide are allowed to happen as they are ideas formed by the ruling classes to trap everyone into set beliefs and actions. He also theorised about Interpellation and haling which are the way in which identity is formed by the way that you are perceived by others and in turn see yourself due to the reinforcement of these ideas.

Habermass:

Habermass came up with the theory of the free press whereby the stated that the media/the press should be free from interference and bias, ownership and political control. He argued that the free should be made by the people for the people and deliver factual and unbiased accounts.

Curran and Seaton:

Curran and Seaton further developed the idea of Habermass that the media/press should be free from interference and bias, ownership, political control. They also stated that the patterns of ownership and control are the most significant factors in how the media operate. They recognised the dangers and issues associated with this such as domination and control of the mass by only filtering dominate ideals and biased assumptions through the media mainstream.

Noam Chomsky:

Chomsky devised the theory of manufacturing consent and the five filters in which it is obtained. Manufacturing consent is theory behind the way in which dominate powers corruptly control and artificially gain consent from the masses through the media. This is obtained through Chomsky’s five point filters, Financial ownership (Monopolistic companies, striving for profit and financial control aim to obtain this through any means) Advertising news (advertising paying media companies to attain audiences and cover cost of media production) Media Elite (the role and influence mass co-operations have within journalism) Flack and Anti-Communism. Financial ownership: Monopolistic c

Antonio Gramsci – the concept of hegemony / hegemonic struggle