• An advert from 1967 for hair cream
• Roles of women were evolving and attitudes were changing.
• The advert was released the year that homosexuality was decriminalised – the advert shows a strong message of heterosexuality which could present an element of anxiety
• Women’s clothing depicts how women were sexualised in the 1960’s
• The advert is hyper masculine
• The setting of the jungle links to Britain trying to keep hold of power once the empire was deteriorating
• This represents Britain’s colonial values and the British Empire that was slowly starting to fall apart at the time of the release of this advert. Perhaps the producers chose to set it here to reassure the public that Britain is still in power of many other countries when it really wasn’t.

Curran and Seaton present the view that a free press relies on a free market where individual newspapers can compete through their political stances and points of view. 

Analyse the ways that The i and the Daily Mail attempt to establish a distinctive identity within this free market.  To what extent has this been successful? Refer to the specific edition of your case study – for both papers – as well as, on-line versions of these publications.

Curran and Seaton are two theorists who developed the theory of The Liberal Free Press. Free press is the idea that anyone is entitled to starting a newspaper and informing the public of news. However, it is recognised that not everyone has the money to do this. Due to this, there are only a limited amount of people and organisations able to feed news to the public and as a result, society are only being given a small amount of opinions. Gramsci is an American theorist who talks about interpellation and tells us that those in power such as the state and the ruling classes, maintain power within capitalist societies through the media and the gradual implantation of dominant ideologies to people of a lower class. This is a form of persuasion that helps the media infect people with specific ideas. When online news was first developed, it was believed that there could possibly be more chance for people with less money to begin broadcasting news, ‘the internet has enhanced the freedom to publish by lowering entry costs.’. However, Curran and Seaton dispute this and claim that despite these facts, the majority of online news is still controlled by large companies and make this clear in the book The Liberal Theory of Press Freedom, ‘the list of the ten most-visited news sites is dominated by large news organizations like BBC News’.

The Daily Mail is a British national newspaper, founded in 1896, which tends to lean in favour of the right wing. The paper is owned by Jonathon Harmsworth who has a current net worth of £1.9 billion. With a target audience of lower middle-class women forming up to 55% of readers, the paper is successful in maintaining a distinctive identity by tailoring their stories to please these readers. As The Daily Mail is a predominantly right wing newspaper, they generally hint their favour towards the Conservatives in the UK and the Republicans in American News, however this is not always explicitly seen. In an article on page 5 of the paper in the close study product from the 5^th of November 2020 reads, ‘Ultimately, Biden may owe a victory to the single electoral college vote he gained against the presidents five in Nebraska’. This is an example of persuasion as the writer subtly hints toward the idea that Biden is only leading the race due to chance and are presenting him with a backhanded compliment on his success. This relates to the Cultivation Theory from George Gerbner, which states that over time, our perception of the world we live in can be morphed. We believe we are in control of what we consume when in fact structure (organisations and big corporations) have more power than us; the individual. Information is subtly dropped into the news we read without us realising, with the intention of the reader eventually coming to a conclusion that they believed to be their own, when in fact they have been persuaded to think this way. The writer in this Daily Mail article is attempting to persuade the readers that the right wing is superior, by making Biden look bad. B.F Skinner talks about ‘The Fiction of Free Will’ which states that we believe we are in control when in fact we are being manipulated to believe certain things. This theory links clearly to this article for the same reasons previously stated. The Daily Mail created an online version of the paper in 2003 which now achieves 11.34 million visitors every day. This free version of the paper appeals to a wider audience range. Due to this online version’s accessibility, they have been very successful at reaching a younger demographic and in 2017 were voted ‘Newspaper of the Year’, a title they still publish on the front of their newspaper every day.

The i newspaper was launched in 2010 as a sister newspaper to The Independent and as of November 2019, is owned by The Daily Mail. The paper and its website were bought by the Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) on the 29^th of November 2019, for £49.6 million, 3 years after The Independent Newspaper went completely digital. The paper was originally targeted at commuters of all ages and political viewpoints as a convenience paper; easy to grab whilst travelling to or from work. In December 2017, the owners of The i announced that they were bringing in a monthly profit of around £1 million and as of October 2019 achieve a daily circulation of 221,083.Despite its ownership, the newspaper maintains its liberal viewpoint and claims to be politically neutral. In order to achieve their distinctive identity within the free market, they aim to focus their stories on social issues rather than politics. They report on political events but do not take a specific side. In the Close Study Product from the 5^th of November 2020, the paper has used a headline reading ‘Biden edges closer to the White House’, and below, a photo of now President elect Joe Biden. This headline does not include any puns or sarcasm. Instead the headline discusses the information without being biased, they are simply reporting on information. Katz, Gurevitch and Haas talk about the Uses and Gratification theory. This theory tells us that we use the media for personal needs, social needs or a mixture of the two. The i could be considered as a newspaper that audiences read as a form of escapism. The stories in the paper are not slanderous to any particular people and are therefore simply informative. Regular readers of The i therefore may read their stories to escape the rivalries displayed in other newspapers. 

In ‘The Liberal Theory of Press Freedom’, Curran claims that ‘newspapers and magazines must respond to the concerns of their readers if they are to stay in business’. This can be seen in both The Daily Mail and The i in individual ways. The Daily Mail dedicates a whole segment of their paper to a women’s category entitled ‘Femail’. In this segment, topics such as fashion, relationships, manicures and Botox are discussed. As the general reader demographic of The Daily Mail are middle aged women, this segment has been tailored to appeal to their interests. From this segment we can also see examples of persuasion and cultivation theory as the paper uses predominantly feminine characteristics to the articles. The use of pink fonts and trivial topics could link to Shoshana Zuboff and some ideas in her book ‘Surveillance Capitalism’. In the book, Zuboff writes ‘various forms of persuasion are used to stimulate certain types of behaviour’. In the ‘femail’ segment of the paper, the writers are demonstrating what the right wing believes a woman should be. The dumbing down of women in this section can have an effect on women over time as they are persuaded these are the ‘normal’ characteristics of a woman, when in fact they are being carefully manipulated by the bourgeoise into conforming to the dominant ideology. 

To conclude, it is made clear that the free market that Curran and Seaton describe, is not in fact as free as is said. The Daily Mail and The i are two competing newspapers that have developed their strategies through the years in order to appeal to their readers and have both maintained their own individual identities. The competition between newspapers within the free market is always thriving, and consumers feed into this by purchasing the papers and visiting the websites. The Daily Mail has a daily circulation of 1,134,184 while The i has a much smaller circulation of 221,083. The Daily Mail is also much more widely available as it is easy to buy in almost every supermarket and convenience store in the UK, however, The i does very well on their digital platform and in March 2019, overtook The Guardian as the most trusted digital news brand. 

Both papers thrive in the free market for individual reasons and seem to be able to satisfy their reader demographic as they continue to publish and develop their identity as the media evolves. 

Operant conditioning – B.F Skinner

You can change behaviours.

‘The fiction of free will’ – links to ideological state apparatus.

It isn’t always free will that makes us do things.

Rewards are given when you do certain things – can question if free will is actually present or not.

You can tailor the media for certain needs – if someone doesn’t want to hear heavy stories, you could make something that will appeal to those people and fill that media with what people want to see.

Propaganda VS Persuasion

Propaganda is the expression of opinions in order to manipulate people to believe a certain thin. Generally overtly political

Persuasion is more about influencing people slowly by dripping information gradually and not obviously

Harold Laswell – spoke about how the US military used a rang of different persuasive devices in WW2 to get people ‘knocked into submission’ Hypodermic model – direct injection of messages into a passive audience.

Shoshana Zuboff

Surveillance Capitalism – we are all directly communicated to be manipulated to think certain things.

Persuasion through behaviour controlled technology

‘various form of persuasion are used to stimulate certain types of behaviours’

‘new methods of behaviour control’

‘ the power this technology gives one man to impose his views and values on another.’ – talking about the Donald Trump Campaign

Project Alamo

Helped to get donald trump elected

Campaign messages that are overwhelmingly negative towards the other party

Harold Lasswell

• Developed the theoretical tool of ‘content analysis’ and in 1927 wrote Propaganda Technique in the World War which highlighted the brew of ‘subtle poison, which industrious men injected into the veins of a staggering people until the smashing powers . . . knocked them into submission’
• If people are spoon fed information, they will believe it

Article with Boris Johnson having dandruff

• Who = Caroline Jones (Journalist)
• Says what = writes about the Priminister having dandruff
• Channel = The Daily Mail
• To Whom = the readers of the newspaper
• With what effect = to mock Boris

Shannon and Weaver (1949)

• They criticse that model and came up with the Transmission model of Communication, which included other elements, such as NOISE, ERROR, ENCODING and FEEDBACK.

Paul Lazarfeld – Two Step Flow Theory

• Says that a linear approach doesn’t work
•  In 1948 he developed the Two Step Flow model of communication, which took account of the way in which mediated messages are not directly injected into the audience, but while also subject to noise, error, feedback etc, they are also filtered through opinion leaders, those who interpret media messages first and then relay them back to a bigger audience.
• Example = In class you ask a question to your friend about something you didn’t understand from the teacher.
• We’re more likely to take information from individuals rather than one big source. The individual is known as the ‘Opinion Leaders’.
• The audience are active

Uses and Gratification

Research into this area began with Denis McQuail and Jay Blumler, who in 1969, looked to study the 1964 UK Election. In the early 1970’s they were joined by Elihu Katz, Joseph Brown, Michael Gurevitch and Hadassah Haas. 

This theory recognises that people do choose things themselves and aren’t forced into thinking or choosing something.

Cultivation Theory – 1975

George Gerbner

We can be shaped by the media. Over time we can make people believe certain things.

Even if they are doing this through the media that the people want, they can still sneak those opinions into this.

In other words, television shapes the way individuals within society think and relate to each other. However, the research also notes that the effects of television are limited and as such, the overall position is that ‘watching television doesn’t cause a particular behaviour, but instead watching television over time adds up to our perception of the world around us‘.

Structure (organisations and big corporations) have more power than the individual. Individuals don’t know that they don’t have any power but are tricked into thinking they do.

Stuart Hall – 1980’s

The Theory of Preferred Reading

The idea that you can present information in one way but other people will reject the reading and not accept the desired message.

1. A dominant position accepts the dominant message
2. A negotiated position both accepts and rejects the dominant reading
3. An oppositional position rejects the dominant reading

Everyone is encoding and decoding things in a different way. Everyone reads things differently.

Clay Shirky: The End of Audience

 ‘the more ideas there are in circulation, the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with.’ 

Question:	The Daily Mail	‘The i’ Newspaper
When they were first introduced?	1896	2010
Are they part of a bigger organisational structure?	Owned by ‘Daily Mail and General Trust’, a media company chaired by Viscount Rothermere	Owner – Daily Mail (as of late November 2019)
Are they known for a particular political perspective?	Right wing – Conservative	Liberal – non biased and don’t take a specific political stance
What kind of journalism do they produce?	Gossip, inaccurate scare stories of medical and scientific research, right wing politics, entertainment	Factual stories, Broadsheet
What kind of people run the paper?	Viscount Rothermere Family Editor – Geordie Grieg (2018)	Free Press
Do they have a similar readership reach?	Circulation – 1,134,184 (February 2020) Readership – 2.2 Million (daily)	Circulation – 221, 083 (October 2019)
Do they have a similar readership profile / target audience?	Women make up 52-55% of readers, Middle Class women, Right wing, average age of 58	General public, any age, all political views
How are they currently doing? Increasing or decreasing sales and revenue?	-During lockdown the circulation went down to 945,000 from 1.13 Million in March. -DMGT recorded a revenue of £1.41 Billion – Pretax profit £145 million	15% decrease of sales from June 2019 – June 2020
How are they looking to embrace new media technologies?	Daily Mail Online = 2003. (11.34 million visitors daily)	Online paper free to the reader
Do they have a similar layout and design?	Tabloid format (compact page size)	Broadsheet Layout

• Founded in 1896.
• Target audience = Lower middle class British women.
• Tabloid format (compact page size).
• Published in London.
• Owner – Jonathon Harmsworth (Lord Rothermere) 4th generation (worth £1.9 Billion)
• Editor – Geordie Greig (September 2018 – now).
• Sister paper = The Mail on Sunday, 1982.
• Daily Mail Online = 2003. (11.34 million visitors daily)
• UK’s highest circulated daily newspaper.
• Women make up 52-55% of readers.
• Average daily circulation of 1,134,184 copies (February 2020).
• Right wing .
• Received the National Newspaper of the Year award eight times since 1995.
• Scottish Daily Mail – relaunched in 1995 after failing in 1968. Now has an average daily circulation of 67,900.
• The word “suffragette” was first used in 1906 as Journalist Charles E. Hands described activists in the women’s movement for women’s suffrage. The women then took that on as their name even though he was intending to offend.
• Weekday price – 65p
• Saturday price – £1
• Sunday price – £1.80
• Criticized for writing fake news

Jurgen Habermas came up with the concept of The Public Sphere. This view says that the public can be persuaded to think in certain ways through the media. We can be influenced by the public sphere to all think in similar constructed ways.

Hegemony is a theory from Antonio Gramsci which states that people are in a tug of war for power. He suggests that we can change the way we think about things through culture. Hegemonic struggle is a situation in which countries or cultures experience roles of leadership which can dominate over others.

Louis Althusser describes ISA’s (Ideological State Apparatus) as a process in which we are structured into believing specific things that conform with the dominant ideology. This then eventually can influence us to think certain things about ourselves and our own personal identity.

James Curran & Jean Seaton introduced the theory of the liberal free press. ‘anyone is free to start a daily national newspaper, but few can afford even to contemplate the prospect’.the idea that everyone has the freedom to do whatever they want in theory, but in practice this is not always the case. For example, anyone can create a newspaper in theory but practically it isn’t always possible. Not everyone has the money or contacts in order to do so.

Noam Chomsky talks about manufacturing consent.He says that there are 5 different filters.

Pastiche – a work of art or other visual project that imitates the style or character of the work of another artist.

Parody – a jokey version of something usually used to imitate or make fun of an original work.

Bricolage – the construction of different texts which forms one new text.

Intertextuality – the shaping of a text’s meaning by another text

Metanarrative – a narrative about narratives of historical meaning, experience or knowledge.

Hyperreality – the inability to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality. Often seen in the media eg in TV when the reality being portrayed is not real.

Simulacrum – something that replaces reality with its representation.

Consumerist Society – a society in which people devote lots of time, energy and thought to ‘consuming’. The general view is that consumption is good and the more there is the better.

Fragmentary Identities – the idea that you can have different identities online and in real life.

Implosion –

Cultural Appropriation – the idea of taking aspects of one culture into another. eg. art, rituals, behaviour, music, style.

Reflexivity – the examination of one’s own beliefs. Thinking about your own thoughts.

Colonialism – the act of taking over another country politically, either fully or partially.

Post Colonialism – the study of the human consequences from the control of people and their land following being colonised.

Diaspora – a scattered population living in somewhere other than their place of origin. eg. the dispersion of Jews from Israel involuntarily.

BAME – Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (all ethnic groups except White groups).

Double Consciousness (Gilroy) – the internal conflict that a person feels living in a country that their ancestors are not from because of colonisation (African American). The conflict that people feel of not knowing which ethnicity they belong to.

Cultural Absolutism – the declaration of a societies culture to be of supreme ethical value.

Cultural Syncretism – when ideas from 2 or more cultures blend together to create a new custom.

Orientalism (Said) – style, artefacts or traits that are considered a characteristic of a certain place. eg. Asia is stereotyped in a way that is regarded as embodying a colonialist attitude.

Appropriation – the adoption of element of one culture by members of another culture.

Cultural Hegemony – the domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of that society.

The Public Sphere (Habermas) – a virtual or imaginary community who basically mould peoples views and interests through the use of the media.

The Role of Public Service – the public reporting on events used to shape our cultures and define our national identities.

Broadcasting in terms of fair representation of minority groups/ interests – non-biased news that simply reports on news and tries to not take a specific viewpoint. eg. The I.

Media products often challenge the social and cultural contexts in which they are created.

To what extent does an analysis of the close study products Ghost town and Letter to the Free support this view.

Within the media, there are multiple and various attempts to challenge social normalities and provide a message or statement to the receivers of the product. Clear examples of these efforts can be seen in the music videos for ‘Ghost Town’ and ‘Letter to the Free’. Post Colonialism plays a large role in the way that these two music videos have challenged social expectations and have spoken up about issues surrounding racism in those times. 

Antonio Gramsci came up with the theory suggesting that hegemony can help us illustrate the ways in which some cultures tend to dominate over others. A good example of this in relation to ‘Letter to the Free’ can be seen in the main message aiming to be put across from both the lyrics of the song and the video, as Common pushes to stand up to the problems surrounding racial injustice that still occur to this day. For hundreds of years, people of colour have been facing systemic racism and discrimination. The treatment of black people was normalised and became an ideology and white people were given authority simply due to their skin colour. Currently in the USA, studies have shown that black people are five times more likely to be pulled over or stopped by the police without a justified cause than a white person. Another study has shown that black drivers are 20% more likely to get pulled over while driving than white people. Lyrics in Common’s ‘Letter to the Free’ reinforce Gramsci’s theory about dominance of one culture over another. The line ‘Black bodies being lost in the American dream’ has been cleverly incorporated by Common to demonstrate the injustices that black people face in America. By referring to the idea of the American dream, he is making it clear that black people are oppressed by whites and are unable to live the ‘American dream’. This idealist way of life is one created by Americans to make their country seem perfect and was derived from a patriarchal society who a large proportion of, to this day, still believe in this racially injustice dream and live by the slogan, ‘Make America Great Again’. When looking at the Close Study Product ‘Ghost Town’ Gramsci’s dominance theory is also clear. The song describes a time in Britain when cultures were divided, and whites dominated over blacks. 

‘Ghost Town’ by The Specials was released in June 1981, following the introduction of a new law called The Criminal Attempts Act. This law stated that police officers had the power to search anyone they believed may be either committing or planning any crime. Uproar was ensued and riots began following this new law as it was made clear that police officers were abusing this right, and statistics showed that black people were being stopped and searched much more than white people. The Specials were what was known as a ‘Two-Tone’ band, as some members were black and some white. The band challenged societies opinions and were expressive with their view on the political climate at the time. To link this Close Study Product to post colonialism, we can look at Jacques Lacan. Jacques Lacan came up with the theory of ‘The Other’. This theory states that when we are young, we have no concept of ourselves until we discover a mirror. When discovering our reflection, we begin to understand who we are and who we aren’t. He says that this could be a reason that we as a society are so obsessed with the media and what is going on around us, as we are determined to get a wider understanding of ourselves and to develop. In relation to ‘Ghost Town’, this theory can link as the song can be understood as a hybridisation of two genres, reggae and ska. This sort of music was new and did not conform to societies regular taste. Because people were beginning to explore music and bands, this band were prominent because of their multi-racial members. The band were influential in changing societies views on music and race in the 1980’s. Jacques Lacan’s theory of ‘The Other’ can also be made apparent in Common’s ‘Letter to the Free’, as the music video is filmed in a prison. This choice of location for the video is impactful as Common sings about ‘Sweet land of liberty, incarcerated country’. This juxtaposing lyric and setting are showing the difference between white Americans and black Americans and how as a society we are only shown the good things like liberty, when in fact thousands of black people are being incarcerated. Lacan’s theory can be seen here as Common is trying to make people understand the issues surrounding the prison system and make them see not just what they want to see but to understand and develop their knowledge to change their understanding for the better. 

W.E.B. Dubois introduced an idea of ‘The Veil’. This theory stated that whites were unable to see blacks as true Americans, and subsequently, black people saw themselves in the way that white people portrayed them. Because of this theory of the Veil, Dubois introduced the idea of Double Consciousness, which states that black people are unable to embrace their cultural heritage because they are so caught up in the American idealism. They feel a split in their identity as they attempt to be both American and African. This is particularly difficult for them as living in America, white society dominates the black. ‘Ghost Town’ can link to this theory as the song and music video were created in a time where Britain was split by a racial divide. All aspects of the song can demonstrate the message that the band were putting across of the need to put an end to the racial divide. From the fact that the band were multi-cultural, to the lyrics of the song ‘too much fighting on the dance floor’. The band wanted to demolish the ideology that blacks and whites can’t be equal. Common’s ‘Letter to the Free’ can also link to Dubois’ theory. Common makes it clear in his song that black and white aren’t treated equally, ‘They stop, search and arrest our souls’. Dubois claimed that the veil that black people experience due to the treatment from whites, can make them feel as though their souls are being taken. He says that because of this, often, black people are unable to fulfil their potential due to the way that they see themselves because of white societies portrayal of blacks. This way of seeing themselves was described as “always looking at one’s self through the eyes”, in Dubois’ book ‘The Souls of Black Folk’. Nowadays the theory of double consciousness has been developed and can now also relate to the way that women are oppressed living in largely patriarchal societies.

It is clear that music videos can definitely have the power to influence and show cultural struggles. A theorist who mentions this is Louis Althusser who came up with the theory of ISA’s (Ideological State Apparatus), which explains how structures of society are used to structure the ideological perspectives of society, which then form our own personal identity. He claims that we are all socially constructed, and he claims that that which constructs us is ‘the ruling ideology’. He states that we tend to believe we are above societal normalities and that we are not conforming. We believe we are interpellated. This idea of interpellation can however still be corresponding to the dominant ideology due to the way that society addresses you. 

In relation to the Close Study Products, Althusser’s theory can link to ideas in both Letter to the Free and Ghost Town. Both videos are aiming to influence viewers to open their eyes to the cultural struggles surrounding society (which can also link back to Gramsci’s idea of hegemony, mentioned earlier). Both music videos are trying to make people aware of the negative way in which our societies have been constructed. Although we may believe that we are above the dominant ideology and we do not consider ourselves racist, we still live in a society that has been constructed so black people are oppressed due to their race whether we are aware of it or not.

To conclude, it can be said that media products often challenge social and cultural contexts in which they are created. Producers of media use their platforms to get across messages of social injustice and the concept of post-colonialism is made very apparent in both of the Close Study Products. Societies concepts of dominance and racial injustice are challenged in both music videos and these arguments can be clearly backed up by multiple theorists who unveil the problems surrounding race and treatment of other cultures. The media can be influential as it can have an impact on the way a person sees the world that they live in and how they see themselves. We can learn from the media and aim towards a better more racially fair world.

How useful are ideas about narrative in analysing music videos? Refer to the close study products ‘Ghost Town’ and ‘Letter to the Free’ in your answer. (9 marks)

The idea of Narrative Theory can be very relevant when referring to music videos, as many tend to fall into a certain theory. In general, music videos aim to either tell a story or make a point. In the case of the music videos for ‘Ghost Town’ and ‘Letter to the Free’, the videos do not necessarily link with Todrov’s tripartite narrative structure and don’t have a clear beginning middle and end, however, they do link with some aspects of narrative theory. 

In ‘Ghost Town’, the main aim of both the song and the video, were to express the problems that were happening in society in the early 1980’s during Margret Thatcher’s time as Prime Minister. Although the video doesn’t have a clear beginning middle and end, it does include Kernels and Satellites. Kernels are the features of the music video that are vital to ensure the song and video make sense. Without Kernels, the whole thing would be irrelevant and no message would be put across. Alternatively, the satellites in a music video are the features that are not essential and could be removed with no impact to the story. They are used for embellishment and therefore can be adapted. The kernels of this video are the panoramic shots of the city and its empty and desolate streets. Without this scenery and gloomy feel, the images would not match up with the lyrics of the song. The lyrics ‘this town is looking like a ghost town’ wouldn’t make sense with a shot of the streets bustling with people, therefore, the kernel in this video is the empty streets. The satellites in the video are small things like the outfits the band members are wearing. Their outfit choice doesn’t make much difference to the message and therefore is a satellite.

On the other hand, in Common’s ‘Letter to the Free’, there is very few examples of narrative structure in the music video, as there is no clear story line. Instead the video is simple and every figure in the video is either a member of the band or a singer. They are aiming to portray the message that Common wants to get across about the issues surrounding racial injustice in the USA. Racism is still, to this day, a huge problem throughout the world. Black people are treated unfairly and Common aims to address this issue in his song. Jacques Lacan talks about the mirror stage of child development. He says ‘we cannot actually see ourselves as whole, we use a reflection to understand who we are / who we are not.’ This theory can link to Commons Letter to the Free because Common wants the audience to take something away from his message and to learn more about racism. Even thought the music video is not giving a clear story line, it does send a message. Because the video is set in a prison, this gives a poignant and eary feel to the video which helps to send a message.

To conclude, in some ways it is possible to link narrative theory to music videos, as in general, those videos aim to tell some sort of story, and often do follow Todrov’s tripartite structure with a clear beginning, middle and end, however this is not always the case and sometimes there is no clear structure (like Letter to the Free). Letter to the free does show however, that a tripartite structure is not always necessary when creating a narrative in order to send a message.