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public sphere

The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action.

Media has been around for hundreds of years as inventions such as the printing press allowed people to view media for cheap which

Free press is media that allows people to freely express their opinions and views as it is not controlled by the Government.

“To make such assumptions about media accountability is not to claim that there is a single known form which the media should take if they are to fulfill the public interest”

public control vs deregulation

manufacturing consent

The media is owned by large corporations which can be owned by even larger conglomerates, these corporations aim is to make profit, they achieve this through advertisements where advertisers pay for an audience.

There are 5 ways corporations influence their audiences:

  • Structures of ownership
  • The role of advertising
  • Links with the establishment
  • Diversionary tactics
  • Uniting against a common enemy

Technology and Newspapers
ProductionDistributionConsumption
pen / pencil / paper
word processor / printer
telephone
camera
microphone
license
computer
trees
DTP data processors
sources of information
(large scale) printing press
lorries / vans / cars
stacks / shelves / display cases / boxes
social media platforms
company / organisation / individual to deliver product
storage
billboards
paper boys/girls
target audience
paper (the ability to read? & understand?)
a digital device (ipad/phone, computer
reading glasses / eyes / braille / audio provision (headphones)
WiFi
target audience

MARSHALL MCLUHAN

Marshall McLuhan was a Canadian philosopher who’s work is one of the cornerstones of media theory

He predicted the world wide web 30 years before it was invented.

He was a fixture in the media discourse in the late 1960s , though his influence began to wane in the 1970s

teen vogue articles

Anti War movements opposing war with Iran

Since the assassination of the Iranian general Qasem Soleimani tensions between the US and Iran have increased immensely. The president of the United States stated that the US has invested 2 trillion in military spending and are prepared to destroy cultural sites in Iran which is a war crime. Since this statement, over 80 anti-war demonstrations have taken place across America. This article is a in the political section of Teen Vogue as it relates to current affairs.

Fentanyl is likely behind a mass overdoes in California

In California one person has died and more than a dozen are in hospital. This is the latest wave of overdoses reportedly caused by the synthetic opioid “Fentanyl” which has terrorized the US. Fentanyl is an opioid pain killer that is 100 times more powerful than morphine and is used by drug dealers in drugs such as Heroin and cocaine. This article is part of the Identity section

Teen vogue

Teen Vogue was established in 2003 as a spin off of Vogue, Teen vogue is currently led by Vogue beauty director Amy Astley under guidance of Anna Wintour

Teen Vogue cut back on its distribution to focus on its online content which proved to be more successful than ever before.

  • Cultivation Theory refers to the idea that media can manipulate the way you view the world.​
  • Vertical integration is where a media company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution.​
  • conglomerate is the idea that one big company owns many smaller companies. (e.g. Disney)​
  • Synergy is where two or more media organisations work to produce a combined effect greater than what could be achieved on their own.​

gender representation essay

Tomb Rider and Men’s Health Magazine are both clear examples of how sexualisation is used by companies to attract a specific audience. Sexualisation is used by these brands to increase their audience and spread their influence to a range of different people.  

In the Lara Croft front cover, Lara Croft is shown as the dominant signifier, on the front cover, Lara Croft is positioned in a manner that distinctly shows off her assets which can be easily seen by any viewer. This positioning of Lara Croft is a clear example of the sexualisation used by the brand to attract a large male audience to the game. On the front cover the brand misrepresent Lara Croft by implying that the game is focused on her features rather than her characteristics and knowledge. Lara Croft is also wearing short clothes on the front cover, this is used to show off her features more as her clothes seem to be tight and small. On the back cover of the Lara Croft game there is a paradigm of using angles which evidently show off her assets from behind and in front which objectifies Lara Croft, this misuse of gameplay shots is used to intrigue male audiences by suggesting that the game concentrates on Lara Croft’s exaggerated features, this then creates a negative stereotype for female characters in video games.  

In the Men’s Health Magazine front cover, the celebrity Vin Diesel is shown as the dominant signifier, Vin Diesel is used for this front cover as he is of a muscular build and tends to keep fit and healthy, this links with the gender stereotype that men should be strong and muscular to be a “real man”. The front cover of the magazine is filled with significations that men should improve their diets and build on their muscle. In Men’s Health Magazine paradigms of muscle growth and weight loss are used to support the idea of influencing men to get stronger and be more physically attractive. The men’s health magazine does challenge male stereotypes slightly as it includes ”slay winter blues” which links to mental illness and depression which is a leading cause of death for males under the age of 50. On the back cover of the Men’s Health Magazine it shows its content, this page includes activities and fitness that men should follow, this implies that men should be more active and fit which is a misrepresentation of what a man should be.  

The Men’s Health Magazine differs from Lara Croft as on the Lara Croft front cover she is objectified and sexualised to attract a male audience whereas Vin Diesel is used as a stereotype to influence its male audience. The Lara Croft game is a better example of a radical text as it challenges the negative stereotype of women being “the damsel in distress” and instead makes her an intelligent and action-packed character who explores ancient sites. The Men’s Health Magazine is an example of a reactionary text as it supports the ideology that men must be physically fit and healthy.  

The Men’s Health Magazine which uses Philip Howells challenges male stereotypes by including an older male as the dominant signifier, which is a clear counter type, this can be seen as a radical text as it challenges the idea of being young and muscular. This cover also does not include any techniques and activities to build muscles, instead it gives the audience insight into how Phillip Howells has remained healthy at his age which can influence males to be more active. 

Both Men’s Health Magazine and Lara Croft appeal to a male audience through the use of different techniques. In the Men’s Health Magazine male stereotypes are used to influence male audience members to be more sport involved and muscular whereas Lara Croft is sexualised and objectified to falsely attract a male audience to the game. However both Lara croft and Men’s Health Magazine have changed their covers and motives by using other techniques to widen their audience, for example Lara Croft no longer has exaggerated features, the brand expand their audience now by improving the narrative and quality of their games, Men’s Health Magazine now include guidance and support for mental illness and have changed their dominant signifier to less stereotypical men.  

Both Men’s Health Magazine and Lara Croft used stereotypes to intrigue their male audience to improve their profit. However, both Lara Croft and Men’s Health Magazine now use different strategies to attract their audience.