Citizen-based regulation – thinking about what is better for society and culture

Consumer-based regulation – giving the audience what they want

HESMONDHALGH	CASE STUDIES
MULTI-SECTOR INTERGRATION	The missing theme song is ‘come home’ – Amatorski which Is a multi- sector integration between the BBC and starz with the music industry. As well as the composer Dominik Scherrer who wrote a full soundtrack for the program.
STERILISATION	The missing had a second series – Baptiste is a spin off series of the missing.  Witnesses has 2 series
STAR FORMATTING	Tcheky Karyo the actor in the missing an the spin off baptise has been in multiple films and tv shows giving him a form of star power. As well as the fact he was used in baptise aswell so those who watched the first series of the missing and enjoyed it may be more enclined to watch the spin off.

PSB – PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING

BBC – THE MISSING – STARZ

HOROZONTAL INTERGRATION/VERTICAL INTERGRATION

horizontal – BBC and STARZ did an international co-production

media concentration

media pluralism – same media products made by different organisations

B.F SKINNER – behavioral science/ operant conditioning

‘the ficton of free will’

schedule of reinforcement

Harold Lasswell in first world war – Propaganda technique in World War 1927 – shuttle poison which can be injected into the veins – hypodermic model suggests the direct injection of media to the passive audience. Distinguish between propaganda and persuasion.

Zuboff – the age of surveillance capitalism – emerging behavior control technology which is used to stimulate certain Behavior.

new technology which is able to create new methods of behaviorism, change personality , change actions. not essentially free individuals much more vulnerable and more easy to change than we think.

Cambridge Analytica – Alexander nix

Theoretical position – Curran and Seaton 

The idea that the media is controlled by a small number of companies primarily driven by the logic of profit and power. The idea that media concentration generally limits or inhibits variety, creativity and quality.  

The daily mail evidence –  

Owned by the daily mail and general trust – owns the daily mail, mail on Sunday, Metro, mail today and mail online.  

Political view – right wing/ supporting conservatives – meaning this political view will be represented throughout all the media forms owned and produced through DMGT.  

Jonathon Harmsworth is the aristocratic owner of the Daily Mail 

DMGT owned by Rothermere Continuation Limited – they can control all the right-wing news being released to the 2.2 million readerships daily.  

Overall, the news that is read by 2.2million people daily have the conservative view channeled through that all their different forms of media.  

 British daily middle-market newspaper

 Founded in 1896

Owned by Daily Mail and General Trust / DMGT

CIRCULATION, 1,134,184 February 2020

Chairman – JONATHAN HARMSWORTH (inherited media empire founded by his great grandfather HAROLD SIDNEY HARMSWORTH)

The Daily Mail is a known supporter of the Conservatives.

weekly readership – 3,833,000

Antonio Gramsci – the concept of hegemony / hegemonic struggle 

Suggests that power relations can be understood as a hegemonic struggle through culture. Concept of Hegemony is to illustrate how certain cultural forms predominate over others, which means that certain ideas are more influential than others. 

Hegemony is a struggle that emerges from NEGOTIATION and CONSENT – postcolonialism articulates a desire to reclaim, re-write and re-establish cultural identity and thus maintain power of The Empire. 

Jurgen Habermas – public sphere 

Habermas defines communication as strictly what happens between two or more talking seriously about something that exists or should exist in the world, but no one disputes the validity of the statements or suggestions made by each other. Communication therefore uses a medium in and through which it occurs: the language. The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action. 

Noam chomsky – the 5 filters that manufacture consent 

The five filters of manufacturing consent are:  

• Structures of ownership 
• The role of advertising 
• Links with ‘The Establishment’ 
• Diversionary tactics – ‘flack’ 
• Uniting against a ‘common enemy’ 

Chomsky proposes that the mass communication media of the U.S. “are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion” 

Louis Althusser – interpellation & Ideological State Apparatus 

Louis Althusser says that ‘all ideology hails or interpellates concrete individuals as concrete subjects, through the functioning of the category of the subject’. Althusser suggests that we as people are socially constructed. The way in which society addresses you is interpellation which is the way that your subject identity is formed. 

Social, philosophical theory to think about the world we live in NOW.

post modern culture is referential in that it often refers to and often copies other things in order to understand itself.

It is therefore possible to understand postmodernism as a complicated and fragmentary set of inter-relationships.

the world is fragmented and complicated and is referring to itself.

pastiche is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist

parody is a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony

generic detective film classic who done it but because its postmodern its A NEW VERSION OF PREVIOUS EXPRESSIONS

Postmodernism suggests there is nothing new in the world everything is just re done in a different way

preoccupation with visual style

this film is about what happens if we don’t know anything.

fragmented identity

A key characteristic of postmodernism is the development of fragmented, alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies.

1. Pastiche – is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist
2. Parody – is work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony
3. Bricolage  – Bring different things together- rearranges signs that aren’t connected and brings new meanings to them
4. Intertextuality – suggests signs only have meaning in reference to other signs – one sign that is a clear copy of another sign
5. Metanarrative – big / overall narrative.
6. Hyperreality – the existence of a reality that is the reality but doesn’t seem like it.
7. Simulacrum  – where the simulation is more real than the reality
8. Conumerist Society – one in which people devote a great deal of time, energy, resources, and thought to “consuming”.
9. Fragmentary Identities – when a personal identity and idea of who they are is fragmented and a person’s identity has wholes in it.
10. Implosion – an instance of something collapsing violently inwards
11. cultural appropriation – Cultural appropriation, at times also phrased cultural misappropriation, is the adoption of an element or elements of one culture by members of another culture.
12. Reflexivity -refers to circular realtionships

POSTMODERNISM – A philosophy/ a way of seeing the world- relates to concepts such as;

RE-IMAGINING, PASTICHE, PARODY, COPY, BRICOLAGE

2 types of coping – Parody v Pastiche. PARODY= coping something or someone with an intention of making it comical and making fun of them. Whereas PASTICHE= coping someone seriously and making or doing something like them or in the style of.

Intertextuality: surface signs, gestures & play

 Shuker, ‘their preoccupation with visual style‘

fragmentary, decentred nature of  … whatever it might be (music videos etc…) FRAGMENTARY – is in fragments has holes

audiences are ‘no longer able to distinguish ‘fiction’ from ‘reality’, don’t know what is real and what is not

BRICOLAGE – ‘involves the rearrangement and juxtaposition of previously unconnected signs to produce new codes of meaning’ (Barker & Jane, 2016:237).

If it the priority is play, then the emphasis is on the surface

We are more interested in the surface or something.

 ‘in a postmodern world, surfaces and style become the most important defining features of the mass media and popular culture‘ (Strinati: 234)

A brief economic, historical and societal backdrop to Postmodernism.

Richard Hoggart (Uses of Literacy)  – noted the shift in modern societies particularly the impact on our ‘neighborhood lives’, which was ‘an extremely local life, in which everything is remarkably near‘ (1959:46)

Fragmentary consumption = Fragementary identities.

This process of fragmented consumption separating, splitting up and dividing previously homogeneous groups such as, friends, the family, the neighborhood, the local community, the town, the county, the country and importantly

postmodern culture is a consumer culture – the focus on FRAGMENTATION OF IDENTITY is characterized and linked to an increase of consumption and the proliferation of new forms of digital technologies.

alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies. – we are not connected in the modern world has frage=mented and alienated individuals

The loss of a metanarrative

French intellectual Jean Baudrillard would describe as IMPLOSION which gives rise to what he terms SIMULACRA. The idea that although the media has always been seen as a representation of reality – more simulations than reality. (because we lost this metanarrative society has collapsed in on itself) (the more we do what we think we should the more we disconnect from ourselves) we don’t know what’s real.

POSTCOLONIALISM operates a series of signs maintaining the European-Atlantic power over the Orient by creating ‘an accepted grid for filtering through the Orient into Western consciousness‘. (Said, 1978:238)

ORIENTALISM:

The Link between culture, imperial power & colonialism Edward Said Culture and Imperialism –  Orientalism (1978) alongside Culture and Imperialism (1993) are key texts written by the respected academic Edward Said

“the power to narrate, or to block other narratives from forming or emerging, is very important to culture and imperialism” – Edward Said

‘the East becomes the repository or projection of those aspects of themselves which Westerners do not choose to acknowledge (cruelty, sensuality, decadence, laziness, and so on). At the same time, and paradoxically, the East is seen as a fascinating realm of the exotic, the mystical, and the seductive.’ (Barry, 2017:195)

‘an economic system like a nation or a religion lives not by bread alone, but by beliefs, visions, daydreams as well, and these may be no less vital to it for being erroneous.” G. Kiernan

the recognition of the ‘Other’ is mainly attributed the French philosopher and psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan.

JACQUES LACAN = MIRROR STAGE of child development, whereby, as we cannot actually see ourselves as whole, we use a reflection to understand who we are / who we are not.

Louis Althusser: ISA’s & the notion of ‘Interpellation’

Society gives you an identity without you realizing it. society is structured to keep you in your place. Socially constructed by the ruling ideology. (ideas of the ideal class)

Ideological state apparatus (ISA), is a theoretical concept developed by French philosopher Louis Althusser which is used to describe the way in which structures of civic society.

Frantz Fanon – The Wretched of the Earth (1961), by Frantz Fanon– is a black man living in France, articulating the way he was constructed as ‘other’ specifically through the way he was hailed, called, perceived and understood. How people saw him through the lens of Empire – racial stereotyping, derogatory abuse – as acceptable social interaction

Fanon presents three phases of action –

1. Assimilation of colonial culture corresponding to the ‘mother country’ Chinua Achebe talks of the colonial writer as a ‘somewhat unfinished European who with patience guidance will grow up one day and write like every other European.’ (1988:46)
2. Immersion into an ‘authentic’ culture ‘brought up out of the depths of his memory; old legends will be reinterpreted’
3. Fighting, revolutionary, national literature, ‘the mouthpiece of a new reality in action’.

Antonio Gramsci – Hegemony

suggests that power relations can be understood as a hegemonic struggle through culture. Concept of Hegemony to illustrate how certain cultural forms predominate over others, which means that certain ideas are more influential than others.

hegemony is a struggle that emerges from NEGOTIATION and CONSENT – postcolonialism articulates a desire to reclaim, re-write and re-establish cultural identity and thus maintain power of The Empire 

Syncretism, double consciousness & hybridisation

mechanisms for understanding cross-cultural identities.

Paul Gilroy  British academic is insistent that ‘we must become interested in how the literary and cultural as well as governmental dynamics of the country have responded to that process of change and what it can tell us about the place of racism in contemporary political culture

His theme of Double Consciousness, derived from W. E. B. Dubois, how can you be black and British.

‘hybridity’, ‘ambiguity’ and ‘cultural polyvalency’.  Barry notes the stress on ‘cross-cultural’ interactions is indeed a characteristic of postcolonial criticism.

Fanon suggests an emphasis on identity as ‘doubled, or ‘hybrid’ ‘2 things put together’, or ‘unstable’.