From a race and ethnicity point of view:

Orientalism:

• Orientalism is the imitation or depiction of aspects in the Eastern world. These depictions are usually done by writers, designers, and artists from the West.
• An approach to thinking
• Edward Said– Wrote books on Orientalism
• Jacques Lacan– The Mirror Stage
• Louis Althusser– Ideological state apparatus (ISA)
• Antonio Gramsci– Hegemony- The tug of war for power
• Paul Gilroy– Writes about double consciousness
• W. E. B Du Bois- Writes about double consciousness

Paul Gilroy:

Paul Gilroy says that ‘we must become interested in how the literary and cultural as well as governmental dynamics of the country have responded to that process of change and what it can tell us about the place of racism in contemporary political culture.’ (2004:13) His theme of Double Consciousness, derived from W. E. B. Dubois, involves ‘Black Atlantic’ striving to be both European and Black through their relationship to the land of their birth and their ethnic political constituency.

Also seen as ‘Raunch culture’. Which is a sexualised performance

• Pluralism
• Inter sexuality
• 4th WAY FEMINISM
• More focus on individual agency

• Operates in 2 points – Institutional – sexism in companies, societies, and Individual – Poster, Picture, Text

• Laura Mulvey- The Male Gaze

Laura Mulvey talks about how woman are objectified and sexualised.

Mulvey draws of Freud: Looking is essentially sexualised. Fetishism, focusing on one particular thing over another, usually of a sexual nature

Mulvey also Looks at: Jack La Can- When you’re born you don’t have consciousness. There’s a moment called the mirror stage

Feminist- A Political Position

Female- A Matter of Biology

Feminine- A Set of Culturally Defined Characteristics

• How to organize time
• Time can be linear, non linear, sequential or non sequential
• Chronological order
• How to organize space
• Theme- That links it all together
• Narrative- Overall structure
• Story- Theme / idea
• Plot- How you sequence it
• Equilibrium gets disrupted then there’s a new equilibrium
• Vladimir Propp- found that people are using the same type of characters- stock function
• Claud Levi-Strauss- one thing that links together is that they tell similar stories
• Seymour Chatman- If you take kernels out of the story won’t work

1. Colonialism – it is a policy that a country has over extending or retaining authority over other people or territories, which generally has an aim for economic dominance.
2. Post-Colonialism – this is the academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, which focuses on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonised people and land
3. Diaspora – this is a scattered population where the origin lies in a separate geographic locale. In the past, diaspora was used to refer to the involuntary mass dispersion of a population from indigenous territories
4. Bame – BAME stands for Black, Asian and Minority ethnic people and derives from the “political blackness”, which was an idea that various ethic groups has united behind to fight discrimination back in the 1970s.
5. Double Consciousness – this is a term that is used to describe the internal conflict that was experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society. 
6. Cultural Absolutism / Racial Essentialism = this is a philosophical position that declares a society’s culture to be a supreme ethical value.
7. Cultural Syncretism – this is when there are aspect of two or more distinct cultures blend together in order to create a new custom, philosophy, idea or practice.
8. ORIENTALISM (SAID) = this is a book that was written by Edward W. Said where Said developed the idea of orientalism to define the West’s representations of the East, which are the people and societies that inhibit Asia, North Africa and the Middle East.
9. Appropriation – this when you acquire different aspects from different cultures and then use them within a culture
10. Cultural Hegemony – according to Marxist philosophy, this is the domination of a culturally diverse society. This is by the ruling class that manipulates the culture of society
11. The Public Sphere (Habermas) – the public sphere was a term created by German philosopher Habermas, who defines the public sphere as being a “virtual or imaginary community which does not necessarily exist in any identifiable space”. Within the public sphere, individuals can come together freely to form public opinions and legitimisation of state and democracy.
12. The role of the public service broadcasting in terms of fair representation of minority groups – a key issue that is facing PSB (Public Service Broadcasting) is the representation of ethnic minorities as one of the functions of PSB is to reflect the reality of multi-ethnic and multicultural republics.

• THE SPECIALS BACKGROUND INFO:
• Is song by ‘The Specials’
• Released on the 12th of June 1981
• The song spent 3 weeks at No. 1 and 10 Weeks in total on the Uk Singles Chart’s Top 40.
• It was awarded the “Single of the Year” in 1981
• It won an NME award for being the ‘Best Single’ 
• Formed in 1977, the group had become the pioneers of a cross-cultural sound that fused the sounds of reggae music with the raw anger of punk.
• In a space of 2 years (1979-1981), the original “Specials” managed to embody the new decade’s violent emerges of violent energies, morals and conflicts.
• CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
• The song was addressing the themes of urban decay, deindustrialisation, unemployment and violence in inner cities
• In 1981, industrial decline had left the city suffering badly and unemployment rates were at the highest level within the UK
• In 1981, unemployment was heading up to 3 million people
• Ghost Town is believed to be a prophecy that sounds like an aftermath as the Ghost Town it describes of is gutted by recession and appears to be the terrain before a riot.
• 1981 was the height of youth unemployment as the UK reacted to Margaret Thatcher’s cuts and riots were erupting all over the country
• The song consists of many different sounds, chords and unusual instruments to represent the chaos and confusion which was happening during 1981
• The origin of the song began back in 1980, after Dammers had witnessed the St Paul Riots in Bristol. For most of the 1970s, St Pauls, which was a predominantly black and white working class area, was a victim of deteriorating housing, poor education services and and increasingly strong Police presence.
• The band included both members with black and white skin, which was very rare back in the 80s, identifying the “Specials” are challenging the dominant ideology
• HOW THE VIDEO CREATES MEANING USING MEDIA LANGUAGE:
• Some of the band members are in dark suits, whereas some are in bright clothing, which contradicts each other and could possibly signify the divide between different skin colours
• The lighting of this music video is very dark and not much is happening in the background, suggesting the idea of a Ghost Town.
• Cinematography is used through the merging of each scene of the music video, that switches from scene to scene using a sliding transition, which was common in music videos during the 80s
•  

War of The Worlds was a book originally published by H.G Wells in 1898. War of The Worlds was originally broadcast on the radio on October 30th, 1938 between both WW1 and WW2 The 30’s was a decade of uncertainty and unfortunate events as people were still recovering from WW1, the Great Depression and Wall Street’s crash. However, dictators like Hitler were gaining popularity and strength at this time meaning the Nazi party were gaining people strength and force, as well as its’ persecution of Jewish people. A second world war was approaching, bringing with it an air of uncertainty and negativity. In contrast, the 1930’s and 1940’s brought the ‘Golden Age’ of radio to the masses, whereby radio was the most used media platform in households across the world.

 The War of The Worlds was broadcast in America by CBS radio, as part of The Mercury Theatre’s ‘On the Air’ series. The broadcast is an early example of a hybrid as it mixes conventions from H.G Wells’ science-fiction story together with a News / Documentary type broadcast. Roughly 80% of households in the US owned a radio at the time. There was a drama performance of War of The Worlds which was adapted to sound like a present day, live broadcast with no intervals and only having one announcement at the beginning to warn listeners that it was a play and not a real broadcast.

 Welles used simulated on-the-scene radio reports about aliens advancing on New York City linking to the story. Repetition of this technique throughout the performance links to Stuart Hall’s Cultivation Theory where over time a story becomes more believable.

The broadcast demonstrates how media institutions manufacture consent. Therefore, this creates a presence on how the media dominates, and is dominated by power. By exposing how people react with panic if the “news” provides the audience with information about the significance of an event, Orson Welles exposed how the media can spread fake news. The War of the Worlds broadcast is also considered an early form of ‘fake news’ as it supposedly had some members of the American public believe that there had been an alien invasion on earth. 

At the time of the broadcast, American citizens will have been very on edge considering the events happening in the world around them due to the anticipation of a second world war. The broadcast became famous for supposedly causing mass panic among its listeners however, many doubt the scale of panic that was claimed to have been made, as the radio channel had relatively few listeners. In reality, it was the speculations that newspapers portrayed that caused mass hysteria.

Demographic: A socio-economic classification developed by the NRS (National Readership Survey)

Psychographic: A Psychographic Model of consumer behaviour used in the media industry to define audience segments.

Uses and Gratifications Theory Categories –

• information + education
• escapism
• entertainment
• personal identity
• social interaction

Maslow’s Theory:

Different people can relate to different stages of hierarchy on Maslow’s pyramid, and by categorizing why different people watch certain things this helps to provide reason and an aim for people to satisfy their viewers and maybe appeal to other viewers as well. Factors such as gender, age, ethnicity etc. effect where u lie on the pyramid.