SEMIOTICS

barthes

SEMIOTICS:

• signification = the representation or conveying of meaning
• denotation = the literal or primary meaning of a word
• myth = helps to naturalize particular world-views.

pierces

SIGNS:

• symbolic = random link
• indexical = ink
• iconic = looks like object

Ferdinand de saussure

LANGUAGE: linguistics

• connection between a thing and the meaning, where we become attached to
• symbolic interactionism

• signifier =
• signified =

GENRE

neale

GENRE:

• conventions and rules
• sub – genre
• hybridisation
• genres of order and integration
• genre as cultural category

NARRATIVE

todorov and prop

NARRATOLOGY:

• narrative structure =
• equilibrium =
• disruption =
• new equilibrium =

levi strauss

STRUCTURALISM:

• binary oppositions =
• cultural codes =
• ideological reading =
• deconstruction =

prop

CHARACTER TYPES:

• hero, dispatcher, princess, false hero

chatman

NARRATIVE

• satellites = less important, add “fluff” can remove
• kerners = important, moves story, cant remove

freytag

PYRAMID STORY TELLING:

• exposition =
• rising action =
• climax =
• falling action =

POST COLONAILISM

gilroy

ENTHNICITY AND POST MODERNISM:

• diaspora =
• double consciousness =

said

• ORIENTALISM: study of the Orient or the Eastern world.
• reviews the effect of this belief system on the connections of Eastern and Western nations.
• reviews the history of this idea and how it’s still prevalent today.
• the orient could not represent itself.
• we are socially constructed and what socially constructs us is ‘despite its diversity and contradictions . . . the ruling ideology, which is the ideology of ‘the ruling class

fanon

• Wretch of the Earth –  ‘mechanics of colonialism and its effects of those it ensnared‘ – racial stereotyping, derogatory abuse – as acceptable social interaction due to society ideas

REPRESENTTION – FEMINIST CRITICAL THINKING

judith bulter

• gender as a performance – multiple identities that are performed to different people, in different social settings, under different social conditions

laura mulvey

• male gaze
• female gaze
•  Idea of scopophilia (pleasure of looking) and fetishism (cuts of different parts) – 1st Wave

van zoonen

• woman are not fixed as one thing but are intersected with other thing such as race. They are permanently being reconstructed.

hooks

• multicultural – multiple identities including racism, gender, sexuality such as female and gay

LIBERAL FREE PRESS

habermas

• transformation of public sphere

PSB

curran and seaton

• Diverse landscapes

livingstone and lunt

• regulation
• cultural health vs consumer

hesmondhalgh

• risky business

AUDIENCE THEORIES

gerbner

CULTIVATION THEORY: ‘television cultivates from infancy the very predispositions and preferences that used to be acquired from other primary sources‘ – media (mainly tv) shapes the way people think

• socialisation =
• standardisation =
• enculturation =

hall

REPRESENTATION:

• encoding/decoding = Preferred Reading Theory – different views such as hegemonic/negotiated/oppositional depending on different people – audiences are active in making opinions

lasswell

• heiracrhy of needs
• hypodermic – passive

lazarfield

• 2 step flow – active

clay shirk

• End of Audience – the more ideas there are in circulation, the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with.

zuboff

• Service Capitalism as the media monitors us

giddens

GAUNTLETT

IDENTITY:

• fluidity of identity =
• constructed identity =
• negotiated identity =
• collective identity =

mcdougall / fenton