Jurgen Habermas – defines the ‘public sphere’ as a realm of our social life in which something approaching the public opinion opinion can be formed.

James Curran & Jean Seaton – A political economy approach to media, arguing that patterns of ownership and control are the most significant factors is how the media operates.

Noam Chomsky – Chomsky based his theory on the idea that all languages contain similar structures and rules, so virtually what he means is a universal grammar, and the fact that children everywhere acquire language the same way and without much effort. He talks about manufacturing consent which is a way of them convincing us that the dominant ideology is the way we should go and that we should all agree with it, this is a way that more powerful leaders use in politics.

Louis Althusser – This is when the state uses sources such as the media, religion and school to convey and control the people in to believing what they want. Interpellation is the process of getting a population to believe that message and a formation of that belief.

Antonio Gramsci – Antonio Gramsci who developed the theory of hegemony, in which he states that highly political figures and people with vast amount of control over media are able to dictate and set values and morals within society. A cultural example of hegemony can be the United States of America, in which a group of ruling class people have authority and great influence over all of its citizens.