vertical integration is when a production company owns the means of production, distribution and exhibition of their film and are of the same company, because of this they will receive all of the profit.

Media concentration / Conglomerates / Globalisation (in terms of media ownership): are powerful influential groups that own various businesses

Horizontal Integration is same chain of production and command

Gatekeepers is someone with high power which controls what/who goes through

Regulation is controlling and setting rules to keep things in control / Deregulation

Free market vs Monopolies & Mergers: monopolies own everything/dominant the market where as free market is open where anyone can join

Neo-liberalism and the Alt-Right

Surveillance / Privacy / Security / GDPR

David Hesmondhalgh

In his seminal book, The Culture Industries (Sage, 2019) he suggest that:

the distinctive organisational form of the cultural industries has considerable implications for the conditions under which symbolic creativity is carried out’

A critical reflection that highlights the ‘myth-making’ process surrounding the potential digital future for young creatives, setting up a counter-weight against the desire of so many young people who are perhaps too easily seduced to pursue a career in the creative industries. Where the promise of wealth and fame and the celebration of a range of unlikely popular heroes including various dot.com millionaires, Young British Artists, celebrity chefs, pop stars, media entrepreneurs and the like, have according to Banks and Hesmondhalgh (2009), encouraged nascent creatives to imagine themselves as the ‘star’ at the center of their own unfolding occupational drama.

the individualizing discourses of ‘talent’ and ‘celebrity’ and the promise of future fame or consecration, have special purchase in creative work, and are often instrumental in ensuring compliance with the sometimes invidious demands of managers, organisations and the industry

 this approach looks to spotlight a prevailing assumption around cultural production as one that is ‘innately talent-driven and meritocratic – that anyone can make it’ (ibid).

Although, as Angela McRobbie (2002) (2016 ) and others, (Communian, Faggian, & Jewell, 2011); (O’Brien, Laurison, Miles, & Friedman, 2016); (Hesmondhalgh, 2019) have argued, the study of creative work should include a wider set of questions including the way in which aspirations to and expectations of autonomy could lead to disappointment and disillusion

Banks and Hesmondhalgh argue, in its Utopian presentation, creative work is now imagined only as a self-actualizing pleasure, rather than a potentially arduous or problematic obligation undertaken through material necessity

Rupert Murdoch media empire

Organizations founded: Fox News, Sky Group, Sky News,