There will always be slavery, it will never completely fade away. People were separated from their families and sold to people in different towns. Slavery is still here today, it’s just more subtle
40,00-435,000 (People thought slavery was abolished however there were way more slaves than people thought)
Links to the 13th amendment (Common’s letter to the free), black people more likely to go to prison for the same crime as a white person committed.
Jim Crow laws, links to Clttf
“Ain’t No Black In The Union Jack” — A proposal for a new flag for the UK and other socially engaged art work by Gil Mualem-Doron
Atlantic slave trade was a highly visible and tangible operation, was accepted in society
Edward Said – Orientalism, the link between culture, imperial power and colonialism. ‘thepower to narrate, or to block other narratives from forming or emerging, is very important to culture and imperialism‘. Link between power and colonialism
V.G. Kieman – ‘an economic system like a nation or a religion, lives not by bread alone, but by beliefs, visions, daydreams as well, and these may be no less vital to it for being erroneous‘
‘The desire to contain the intangibility of the East within a western lucidity, but this gesture of appropriation only partially conceals the obsessive fear.’ (Suleri, 1987:255)
Post colonialism operates a series of signs maintaining the European-Atlantic power over the Orient by creating ‘an accepted grid for filtering through the Orient into Western consciousness‘. (Said, 1978:238)
Paul Gilroy – ‘A civilising mission that had to conceal its own systematic brutality in order to be effective and attractive’ (2004:8)
Paul Gilory – Talks on the theme of double consciousness
Barry notes about Stress on cross cultural interaction is a needed characteristic of pc. individuals could belong to more than one culture simultaneously
Paul Gilroy is a British academic, spoke about the ‘black atlantic’ motion striving to be both European and Black through their relationship to the land of their birth and their ethnic political constituency
Jacques Lacan’s mirror stage – ‘The Other’ is a way of exploring ourselves, other people/things and lends itself to media studies. Mirror stage ( we cannot actually see ourselves as whole, we use a reflection to understand who we are / who we are not )
Lacan – Mirror theory
We cannot actually see ourselves as whole, we use a reflection to to understand who we are or who we aren’t
Louis Althusser: ISA’s ( Ideological state apparatus ) & the notion of ‘Interpolation’ – ‘All ideology hails or interpolates concrete individuals as concrete subjects, through the functioning of the category of the subject’.
Used to describe the way in which structures of civic society – education, culture, the arts, the family, religion, bureaucracy, administration etc serve to structure the ideological perspectives of society, which in turn form our individual subject identity
Althusser – ‘Ideology ‘acts’ or ‘functions’ in such a way to ‘recruit’ subjects among individuals . . . through the very precise operation that we call interpellation or hailing‘
Frantz Fanon – The Wretched of the Earth (1961)
Frantz understands ‘mechanics of colonialism and its effects of those it ensnared‘ (McLeod 2000:20)
Frantz – ‘From America, black voices will take up the hymn with fuller unison. The ‘black world’ will see the light’
Assimilation of colonial culture corresponding to the ‘mother country’ Chinua Achebe talks of the colonial writer as a ‘somewhat unfinished European who with patience guidance will grow up one day and write like every other European.’ (1988:46)
Immersion into an ‘authentic’ culture ‘brought up out of the depths of his memory; old legends will be reinterpreted’
Fighting, revolutionary, national literature, ‘the mouthpiece of a new reality in action’.
Gramsci – Hegemonic struggle, the chance to reclaim “from America, black voices will take up the hymn with fuller unison. The ‘black world’ will see the light ”
Certain cultural forms predominate over others, which means that certain ideas are more influential than others
Hegemony is a struggle that emerges from negotiation and consent
Sycretism, double consciousness and hybridisation – Derived from W.E.B. Dubois
DC – You think you are safe from police but because you’re black you are watched more and not so safe
mechansims for understanding cross-cultural identities:
Barry notes about Stress on cross cultural interaction is a needed characteristic of pc. individuals could belong to more than one culture simultaneously
Orient couldn’t represent itself, doesn’t have the power to represent itself
Link between culture and violence
Media suggests our perception of ourselves and identity becomes clear when you are young
Ideological state apparatus is a theoretical concept developed by Louis Althusser, is used to describe the way in which structures of civic society – education, culture, the arts, the family, religion, bureaucracy, administration etc serve to structure the ideological perspectives of society, which in turn form our individual subject identity.
Interpellation – All ideology hails or interpellates concrete individuals as concrete subjects, through the functioning of the category of the subject
Blackface – White people dress up as black people to entertain people, related to people having fun and enjoying themselves ingrained in American culture, came from fascination but also hatred for some people
