- Feminism and sexism are closely linked
- ‘sexism was coined by analogy with the term racism in the American civil rights movement in the early 1960s. Defined simply, sexism refers to the systematic ways in which men and women are brought up to view each other antagonistically, on the assumption that the male is always superior to the female‘ – Michelene Wandor
- individual textual levels
- company levels
- how different genders are represented
- who has the power to represent gender difference
- “the camera becomes the mechanism for producing an illusion”
Laura Mulvey
- ‘Visual pleasure and narrative cinema’
- cinema is biased towards men
- split between active/male and passive/female
- scopophilia (pleasure in looking)
- controlling and subjective gaze (male)
- vouyerism (sexual pleasure in looking)
- fetishism – close ups on parts of the body which are objectified or sexualised
Sut Jhally
- a connection between the aesthetics of pornography and the codes and conventions of the music video.
- “There’s no such thing as communication that doesn’t have something behind it, that it is always constructed by someone. And I want people to be active in the construction of their own world because if you’re not active in the construction of your own world then you’re a victim of someone else’s construction. “
Third wave feminism (raunch culture)
- began in the early 90’s
- younger and newer looks at feminism compared with older generation feminism
- emphasis on the difference among women due to race, ethnicity, class, nationality, religion
- individual and DIY tactics
- fluid and multiple subject positions and identities
- cyber activism
- ‘Raunch culture is the sexualised performance of women in the media that can play into male stereotypes of women as highly sexually available, where its performers believe they are powerful owners of their own sexuality’
- the re appropriation of derogatory terms such as ‘slut’ and ‘bitch’ for liberatory purposes
- sex positivity
Essay in planner – gender as performance p1