• feminism closely linked to sexism
• feminism is operating at an institutional level and a individual level.
• looking at not just how sexual difference was represented but who was in the positions of power to represent sexual difference.

 Laura Mulvey

• ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema‘.
• “In a world ordered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male passive/female.”
• fetishism =The way in which parts of the female body are presented as something to be ‘looked at’ and therefore ‘objectified‘ and ‘sexualised‘ – ‘close-ups of legs . . . or a face‘, of lips, hips, bums, tums, thighs, legs and breasts, etc. etc) which are exaggerated through cinematic conventions of ‘scale’, ‘size’, ‘focus’.
• scopophilia = pleasure in looking
• vouyerism = sexual pleasure in looking
• controlling and subjective gaze  = male gaze
• Mulvey draws on the work of Jacques Lacan

Jacques Lacan

• mirror stage = child development and the mirroring process that occurs between audience and screen – ‘a complex process of likeness and difference

• Third way feminism can be characterized by a rebellion against mums
• The third-wave sees women’s lives as intersectional, demonstrating a pluralism towards race, ethnicity, class, religion, gender and nationality when discussing feminism.
• Raunch culture is the sexualised performance of women in the media that can play into male stereotypes of women as highly sexually available, where its performers believe they are powerful owners of their own sexuality –Hendry & Stephenson