music videos

Ghost town: The Ghost Town by The Specials, its surface is of reggae as well as ska beyond it once again there is a deeper message as it conveys a message about the lack of employment in London which lead to an economic depression.

written by Jerry Dammers by the Artists British two-tone band “The specials” which was released in 1981.

letter to the free: Letter to the free is a hip-hop song that relates to the political issue of how criminals are just modern slaves and was released in 2016. It has been nominated for an NAACP image award for the outstanding song. Letter of the free is in the album Black America Again.

The artists involved were Common and Bilal Sayeed Oliver. Bilal is an American singer-songwriter and is an independent artist who lives in New York City. He grew up in a religiously mixed household, his mother being a devout Christian and his father, a Muslim.

The significant and historical events that “Common” references is slavery and segregation for black people as he talks about the 13th amendment where slavery was abolished in 1865 but talks about how “slavery” is still here in modern-day but instead of slaves we now call them “criminals” as there is a section in the 13th amendment where you cannot have slaves unless they are criminals so Common elaborates on this in his song.

jail is modern slavery as it is a form of business where they have people to do cheap labor for them to which they sell and that why there must always be people in jail

we can apply double consciousness as it sends the message of the historical and current oppression of African Americans in modern-day as he talks bout how jail is modern slavery as it is a form of business where they have people to do cheap labor for them to which they sell and that why there must always be people in jail and that’s why they prominently pick lower class people like a-lot of African-American are. postmodernism theory we could look at is hybridization what is when two genres/forms/ideas combine together to create a new form of combined media. We should relate back to Ghost town by the specials because they use hybridization to combine ska and reggae into one medium.

Marketing and Advertising

Maybeline:

Score: 1967

white mans world

falsification of reality: of how if you use their product you will become irresistible to women as they lock around you-sexism

-Dominant ideology Are the communal and more dominant beliefs, values, morals, and ideas of a group: When considering the time sexism was common at the main ideology was men are dominant and woman are sub servant.

Film

Chicken: Chicken is an example of micro budget film making and raises issues around the role and future of national cinema as well as the viability of media products produced outside of the
mainstream for niche audiences.

100,000 pounds

consumption: special needs lead, “trailer trash”, niche, 100% “Certified Fresh” rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 critic reviews.

Chicken had its world premiere on 27 June 2015 Edinburgh International Film Festival. The film had its international premiere in competition at the 2015 Busan International Film Festival, followed by screenings at the New Hampshire International Film Festival,^[2]Giffoni International Film Festival, Cine A La Vista International Film Festival, Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival, Schlingel International Film Festival and Dublin International Film Festival. It eventually received a limited theatrical release in the UK on 20 May 2016.

It was then acquired by MUBI UK and had its British TV premiere on FilmFour April 2017. It received its DVD and Blu-ray release by Network on 18 September 2017.

Distribution : mubi, world premiere 27 June 2015 Edinburgh International Film Festival= art over money British TV premiere on FilmFour April 2017. It received its DVD and Blu-ray release by Network on 18 September 2017.

Silver Griffoni Award for Best Film – Generation 18+ (2nd Prize) — Joe Stephenson & B Good Picture Company (Giffoni Film Festival 2016)^[9]

Scott Chamber’s performance as Richard got a Special Critic’s Circle mention (Dublin International Film Festival 2016)^[9]

Radio

War of the worlds

life hacks

Newspaper

The i

Daily Mail: the Daily Mail is a right-wing paper and is owned by  Jonathan Harmsworth, who is the 4th Viscount Rothermere the current chairman and controlling shareholder of the Daily Mail and the General Trust. The Daily Mail is a conglomerate what are powerful influential groups that own various businesses what in this case the Daily Mail owns the “I” also has operations in forty and more countries through its subsidiaries, what are smaller companies controlled by larger ones ie the Daily mail controls these, RMS, DMG Information, DMG Events, Euromoney Institutional Investor, DMG Ventures and DMG Media. the average age of the Daily Mail reader is 58 years old and is of the lower middle class. Jonathan is the great-grandson of one of the original co-founders of the Daily Mail,” Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere” who was very right-wing as he supported Hitler and Nazi’s. When considering the statistics 53% of Daily Mail readers voted for the Conservative Party, compared to 21% for Labour and 17% for the Liberal Democrats so what we understand from this is is more than the majority are right-wingers, conservatives read the Dailymail. When looking at the Daily mail Let’s look at firstly Scale as the first filter of manufacturing consent in Chomsky theory in manufacturing consent, the ideology of scale is how powerful, how influential it is, For example, The “i” and the Daily Mail, The daily mail owns The “i” and when we look at the daily mail scale we can see patterns of power. The Daily Mail in 2016 made revenue of 1.6 billion pounds with 9,600 employees (in 2014) so they are quite a powerful company as they have a large number of people working for them with a high amount of revenue made. The daily mail has vertical integration what is when a production company owns the means of production, distribution and exhibition of their product, in this example newspaper, and are of the same company, because of this they will receive all of the profit. The daily mail newspaper circulates 1,158,192 copies of its newspaper.

Theories

Gilroy: Double consciousness: his ideology of Double Consciousness was inspired by W. E. B. Dubois who explores the internal conflict experienced by subordinated or colonized groups in an oppressive society for example African slaves who were brought over to America to work, his theory involves ‘Black Atlantic’ who are people who want to be both European and Black through their birthplace as well as their ethnic political constituency.

Edward Said: Orientalism: the acceptance of the West, as well as the basic distinction between East and West as the starting point for elaborate theories, epics, novels, social descriptions, and political accounts concerning the Orient, its people, customs, mind, destiny, etc and this, relates back to Post-colonialism as it operates a series of signs maintaining the European-Atlantic power over the Orient by creating ‘an accepted grid for filtering through the Orient into Western consciousness‘ and another useful quote when consider orientalism is “the power to narrate or to block other narratives from forming or emerging, is very important to culture and imperialism”

Tztevan Todorov: 3-part structure theory: where he says there’s a beginning, middle, end to a story and has three parts to which also applies, the equilibrium where everything is balanced and good nothing, in particular, affects the story yet which then shifts into disequilibrium/Disruption as there is conflict, change, an issue that is introduced and finally finishes into resolution/new equilibrium where the story gets balanced again after the issue or change is fixed or accepted.

Claude Levi-Strauss: binary oppositions: states that we do not know what truth or meaning is but we know what it isn’t for example we know Black isn’t White, Good isn’t Bad, etc.

Chatman: Satellites and kernels where main elements of the stories that if changed, affected the story greatly are referred to as kernels, for example, the film is a sci-fi planet, whereas satellites are changeable elements of the stories that won’t affect the story too much Eg. he has a blue hat in part 1 but in part 2 changes to a black hat.

Pierce:

Saussure: then developed an approach to understanding the way in which meaning is created by detaching the signifier (the thing, the object) and the signified (the meaning).

Anthony Gidden: Giddens argues that just as an individual’s autonomy is influenced by structure, structures are maintained and adapted through the exercise of agency so structuration theory attempts to understand human social behaviour by resolving the competing views of structure-agency and macro-micro perspectives.

The structure is the recurrent patterned arrangements which influence or limit the choices and opportunities available. Agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.

A macro perspective is basically looking at the bigger picture of things as a whole. A micro-perspective is taking a “deeper dive” and looking at the specifics of things.

David Gauntlets: theory of identity: Gauntlett said that rather than being zapped straight into peoples brains, media messages and idea about lifestyle and identity that appear in the media help individuals think through their sense of self and modes of expression, This can create our own identity and even influence other peoples.

https://prezi.com/view/LBdZceXogIKJ2vWQywSq/

How valid are Baudrillard’s ideas of simulations and hyper reality to understanding the media?

you should refer to two of the close study products (tomb raider anniversary, metroid prime 2 echoes, sims freeplay, the voice, teen vogue (20 marks)

intro

• in terms of postmodernism
• hyperreality an be considered as the inability to distinguish reality from a simulation
• which is an imitation of reality
• Essentially, the line between reality and fiction are blurred so there is no distinction

baudrillard

• nothing in our culture is “real” in the true sense of the word
• Everything that we consider real is simply a “simulacrum”
• simulacrum – a copy of something where the original no longer exists as it has been copied so many times
• Simulacra – copies that depict things that either had no original, or that no longer have an original
• His ideas of hyperreality was heavily influenced by Marshall McLuhan who says that the “medium is the message” (form of media rather than the content)

teen vogue

• January 15 2020 article titled ‘Selena Gomez’ latest beauty look is all about retro glamour’ published by Leah Prinzivalli
• this story is based around beauty and celebrity lifestyle, not politics which confirms that it was first established around fashion and beauty but evolved to be about politics with a changing society
• this this results in the loss of meta narrative since the website is fragmented, not a single entity and does not contribute to a bigger picture as audiences will consume the products then abandon it
• this means that what the audience sees on the surface is so much better than the deeper meaning, however may not even be a deeper meaning although surface is not always the truth
• this magazine maintains audiences by that fact that their expressions of consumption are never satisfied
• hence why a postmodern culture is a consumer culture
• Baudrillard’s coined term of ‘simulacra’ simulation has become more than a representation or simulation and it has become simulacrum not just a representation of the real, but the real itself – hyperreality

sims freeplay

• tweet from the @simsfreeplay account (January 29th 2019)
• “Hey simmers, alongside the Refined Romance update launch, a portion of you may notice video ads now appear after completing actions.”
• “These video ads will only play a limited number per day.”
• creates endless consumerism as social media is limitless and easily accessible
• twitter voids a real life conversations but reaches more people
• so many things going on we don’t know what’s real so we escape either by playing sims or endlessly scrolling twitter
• SIMulation
• Intertextuality – it suggests signs only have meaning in reference to other signs and that meaning is therefore a complex process of decoding/encoding with individuals both taking and creating meaning in the process of reading texts

Baudrillard’s theory – Baudrillard believed that society had become so saturated with these simulacra and our lives so saturated with the constructs of society that all meaning was becoming meaningless by being infinitely mutable; he called this phenomenon the “precession of simulacra”.

Hyperreality – in semiotics and postmodernism, is an inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality, especially in technologically advanced postmodern societies. Hyperreality is seen as a condition in which what is real and what is fiction are seamlessly blended together so that there is no clear distinction between where one ends and the other begins. It allows the co-mingling of physical reality with virtual reality (VR) and human intelligence with artificial intelligence (AI).

Simulacra – are copies that depict things that either had no reality to begin with, or that no longer have an original. Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time.

The main argument being put forth by Baudrillard is that nothing in our culture is “real” in the true sense of the word. Everything that we consider real is simply a “simulacrum” which is basically just a representation or copy where the original no longer exists, like a statue of a person or picture.

These link to the CSP’s for example, Teen Vogue. The website shares stories of celebrities however the stories can be altered in positive and negative ways. The story they present isn’t the actual story. This also happens with the posts they put out on their Instagram and twitter pages. Teen vogue is aimed at teenage girls from age 12-17. Link to specific story “Tik Tok’s Charli D’Amelio on Fame, Scandal, and Surviving the Internet”

Similarly, Tomb Raider Anniversary can also link to Baudrillard’s theory. The game depicts a fake world which people indulge themselves in and treat it as if it is real. The game is also made to attract male players through the use of oversexualising the character even though it is nothing more than pixels on a screen.

Hyperreality, in semiotics and postmodernism, is an inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality, especially in technologically advanced postmodern societies

Baudrillard believed that society had become so saturated with these simulacra and our lives so saturated with the constructs of society that all meaning was becoming meaningless by being infinitely mutable; he called this phenomenon the “precession of simulacra”

SIMULACRUM (simulacra): Something that replaces reality with its representation. Jean Baudrillard in “The Precession of Simulacra” defines this term as follows: “Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being, or a substance

Q – How valid are Baudrillard’s ideas of simulation and hyperreality to understanding the media? (Refer to Sims Freeplay and Teen Vogue).

Baudrillard –

Precession of simulacra = Society has become so obsessed and saturated with this ‘simulacra’ that all or any meaning has become meaningless. Simulacra is a representation of a thing that had/ has no origins or prefixed reality whereas a ‘simulation’ is a re-representation of one reality or, perhaps, an idealised reality.

The main argument being put forth by Baudrillard is that nothing in our culture is “real” in the true sense of the word. Everything that we consider real is simply a “simulacrum” which is basically just a representation or copy where the original no longer exists, like a statue of a person or picture.

Simulacra are copies that depict things that either had no original, or that no longer have an original. Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time.

Postmodernism –

Simulation –

Hyperreality – Baudrillard’s idea of hyperreality was heavily influenced by phenomenology, semiotics, and Marshall McLuhan. … Hyperreality is the inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality, especially in technologically advanced societies.

Mcluhan –

In relation to Sims –

SIMS = SIMulation = intangible

In relation to Teen Vogue –

Overall impact of new media –

 Jürgen Habermas, Jean Baudrillard, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Fredric Jameson

• Establish your knowledge of Postmodernism / Baudrillard
• Establish your knowledge of ‘simulation’ and ‘hypperreality’
• Apply these concepts to 2 of your case studies
• Make some assertions about the impact of new media in terms of society and the individual
• Conclude

Baudrillard- theory of simulation and hyper reality.

Indicative content

This question assesses knowledge and understanding of the theoretical framework of representation and language particularly focusing on (though not limited to):

• the codes and conventions of media forms and products, including the processes through which media language develops as genre

• the dynamic and historically relative nature of genre

• the processes through which meanings are established through intertextuality. Responses are required to evaluate the validity of Baudrillard’s ideas about simulation and hyperreality in addressing uses of media language which are both historical and contemporary.

They should refer to the new media CSPs to support their points.

Responses in the higher bands will clearly engage with the evaluation of the validity of the ideas and will support their points with effective reference to the CSPs.

Various conclusions are acceptable, provided they are substantiated through reference to the set products.

This is an extended response question. In order to achieve the highest marks, a response must construct and develop a sustained line of reasoning, which is coherent, relevant, substantiated and logically structured.

Baudrillard’s ideas included in the question are Simulation and Hyperreality. However, these are post-modernist notions so there is also scope for:

• Simulacra

• Pastiche

• Bricolage

• Intertextuality

• Implosion.

The debate here is about the ‘realities’ offered by the two texts and the difference between ‘representation’ and ‘simulation’, and between ‘reality and ‘hyperreality’.

Simulation is non-referential: a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal’.

A useful question is ‘what exactly is being signified here?’

It is evident in both texts where what is ‘simulated’ is a series of characters (both fictional and ‘real life’) engaged in the ‘routines’ of consumerism. As our lives are increasingly taken up with mediated experience, we make little distinction between the direct reality that we experience first-hand and the simulated experience offered by media.

Finally, we may get to the stage where the difference between reality and mediated experience hasn’t just got blurred, the ‘image’ part has got the upper hand, mediated signs become ‘more real than reality itself’; this is hyper reality

Possible essay structure

• Establish your knowledge of Postmodernism / Baudrillard
• Establish your knowledge of ‘simulation’ and ‘hyper reality’
• Apply these concepts to 2 of your case studies
• Make some assertions about the impact of new media in terms of society and the individual
• Conclude

Camille Paglia, the feminist writer and critic, said:

“Postmodernism is just shopping” What she meant by this was that we now live in a world where we have access to a massive variety of different ideas, styles, beliefs, fashions, and we have the choice to pick and choose, mix and match them

postmodernism is the Attention to play of surfaces, images, things mean what we make them mean, no concern for “depth” but with how things look and respond.

Hyper-reality, image saturation, simulacra seem more powerful than the “real”; images and texts with no prior “original”.
“As seen on TV” and “as seen on MTV” are more powerful than unmediated experience.

Jean Lyotard has the theory of meta-narratives, this idea of legitimation from historical meaning. Thinks that no one seemed to agree on ‘reality’ what was true.

pastiche- teen vogue website is something seen before, like a reference to a newspaper. this theorist is called Fredric Jameson

postmodernisn is very surface style, intertexualty. Culture focused on play for example sims freeplay. Can build ting but cannoy physically connect with. Most often visuals than physical.

Teen vogue has a large photo for each story as it attracts more due to visuals. Very fragmented and decentralized. It doesn’t have much meaning , no master idea just little satellites rather than kernels.

There is a lack of underpinning knowledge or idea, there is an emphasis on surface over style.

does new media/technology have a social impact on the world or is it just something to pass time and enjoy? Is there any depth in this compared to other cultural ideas.

Slavoj’s theory relates to this, about the kinder egg. Surface is so much better than the actual thing inside and the meaning. A rubbish toy inside of the ‘amazing’ chocolate on the outside.

Music videos were first used for middle class white people, what is seen on the surface may not be ‘ real’

Zubof- we think we are consuming stuff when playing games (example sims freeplay) however there is more behind it.

Population grew in the 20th century- 7/8 billion people in 2021, a massive rise in ‘things’ therefore there is more consumption. There is a wider range to choose from and this can be related to a feminist called Camille Paglia.^^

Coca cola advert- the first drink is cold refreshing and lush however you want more but its never really as good as the first.

This idea that postmodernism is linked to consumerism.

Consumerism is a social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. With the industrial revolution, but particularly in the 20th century, mass production led to overproduction—the supply of goods would grow beyond consumer demand, and so manufacturers turned to planned obsolescence and advertising to manipulate consumer spending.

Postmodernism is more individual and alienated, we now consume alone rather than together. We are now fragmented from each other. For example teen vogue and sims free-play are now consumed alone on a mobile phone or computer or ipad. Stories are read alone and games are single player.

There is a simulation of society that is more real than reality- for example only a televised version took place for the gulf war not the true event.

Strinati relates events in real time to a mass society, or the conception of the media as a ‘window on the world’ (

QUESTION: HOW VALID ARE BAUDRILLARD’S IDEAS OF SIMULATION AND HYPER-REALITY TO UNDERSTANDING THE MEDIA? you should refer to two of the close study products ( sims freeplay, the voice, tomb raider,teen vogue,metroid)

Postmodernism can be understood as a philosophy that is characterised by concepts such as RE-IMAGINING, PASTICHE, PARODY, COPY, BRICOLAGE. It’s an approach towards understanding, knowledge, life, being, art, technology, culture, sociology, philosophy, politics and history that is REFERENTIAL – in that it often refers to and often copies other things in order to understand itself.

post-modernism is essentially the idea of things copying or re-imagining already existing things, although you may only understand postmodern things if you understand their references, for example you wont know that something is a parody of something else unless you know what they are making a parody of/what their reference is.

postmodernisms emphasis is on the surface, in postmodernism surface and style are the most important defining features.

postmodern culture is a consumer culture.

pastiche is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist

parody is a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony

Jean Baudrillard

He is best known for his analyses of media, contemporary culture, and technological communication, as well as his formulation of concepts such as simulation and hyperreality.

From a societal perspective the ‘real’ seems to be imploding in on itself, a ‘process leading to the collapse of boundaries between the real and simulations’ (Barker & Emma, 2015:242). A process which the French intellectual Jean Baudrillard would describe as IMPLOSION which gives rise to what he terms SIMULACRA. The idea that although the media has always been seen as a representation of reality – a simulation, from Baudrillard’s perspective of implosion, it is has become more than a representation or simulation and it has become SIMULACRUM not just a representation of the real, but the real itself, a grand narrative that is ‘truth‘ in its own right: an understanding of uncertain/certainty that Baudrillard terms the HYPERREAL.

SIMULACRUM: The simulacrum is often defined as a copy with no original, or as Gilles Deleuze (1990) describes it, “the simulacrum is an image without resemblance^“ Baudrillard argues that a simulacrum is not a copy of the real, but becomes truth in its own right. He created four steps of reproduction: (1) basic reflection of reality, (2) perversion of reality; (3) pretense of reality (where there is no model); and (4) simulacrum, which “bears no relation to any reality whatsoever”.

HYPERREAL: in semiotics and postmodernism, is an inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality, especially in technologically advanced postmodern societies. Hyperreality is seen as a condition in which what is real and what is fiction are seamlessly blended together so that there is no clear distinction between where one ends and the other begins. It allows the co-mingling of physical reality with virtual reality (VR) and human intelligence with artificial intelligence (AI).

Possible essay structure

• Establish your knowledge of Postmodernism / Baudrillard
• Establish your knowledge of ‘simulation’ and ‘hypperreality’
• Apply these concepts to 2 of your case studies
• Make some assertions about the impact of new media in terms of society and the individual
• Conclude

other theorists

• Jürgen Habermas 

•  Jean-Francois Lyotard – Jean-Francois Lyotard’s proposition that postmodernism holds an ‘incredulity towards meta-narratives‘ (1979:7) those overarching ideas, attitudes, values and beliefs that have held us together in a shared belief

• Fredric Jameson – Fredric Jameson claimed that Postmodernism is characterized by pastiche rather than parody which represents a crisis in historicity. Jameson argued that parody implies a moral judgment or a comparison with previous societal norms. Whereas pastiche, such as collage and other forms of juxtaposition, occur without a normative grounding and as such, do not make comment on a specific historical moment. As such, Jameson argues that the postmodern era is characterised by pastiche (not parody) and as such, suffers from a crisis in historicity.

Baudrillard’s theory – Baudrillard believed that society had become so saturated with these simulacra and our lives so saturated with the constructs of society that all meaning was becoming meaningless by being infinitely mutable; he called this phenomenon the “precession of simulacra”.

Simulation: “the action or practice of simulating, with an intent to deceive,” then as “a false assumption or display, a surface resemblance or imitation, of something,” and finally as “the technique of imitating the behavior of some situation or process

Hyper reality: Hyperreality is the inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality, especially in technologically advanced societies.

pastiche: is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist

parody: is a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony

INTERTEXTUALITY meaning in reference to other signs and that meaning is therefore a complex process of decoding/encoding with individuals both taking and creating meaning in the process of reading texts.