an ICONIC SOUND will actually sound like its’ object – person
An INDEXICAL SOUND, will create an association to it’s object – sound of movement (this changes through microphone placements, sound processing and reverb
SYMBOLIC SOUND is one that is more arbitrary, random and vague – sound effects (echo)
Radio, like moving image, is LINEAR and SEQUENTIAL, in that it moves in a chronological order, from (a) beginning to (an) end. In this respect, it is important to refer to NARRATIVE THEORYwhen trying to understand and de-code radio meaning
– The show replaced The Surgery in 2017 and took the Sunday Teatime slot
– The programme is hosted by Katie Thistleton and Vick Hope
– The show was previous hosted by Cel Spellman, Katie Thistleton and Radha Modgil
– The programme includes discussion of health and social issues such as exam stress, sexual health, alcohol and drugs.
– Although both The Surgery and Life Hacks ran in scheduled broadcast slots, in recent years the programme has been available as a podcast and encourages digital consumption and interaction.
Audience
– It is very interactive and inclusive through the way they use new technologies like texting in
– In the episode expressing yourself and lockdown hair disasters they talk about concepts that the listener would relate to, such as TikTok and Thomas the Tank Engine.
– The presenters themselves are both women, who are quite bubbly and differ from War of the Worlds because the presenters in War of the Worlds were males
– Vick and Katie use quite colloquial language to link to less formality such as how our generation speaks today, whereas Ward of the Worlds is more formal.
– Life Hacks use uses music and more symbolic sounds, whereas War of the Worlds is more structured and doesn’t include any music to set a serious tone about the “aliens landing”.
– The audience pleasures that are offered by Life Hacks would be Diversion, surveillance and personal relationships.
– Diversion: listening to different podcasts( reflecting what you are going through)- able to escape from what you are going through by seeking help and allowing yourself to listen to other people’s stories etc.
– The use of mainstream celebrities that the young audience will know create familiarity and the chatty tone of the presenters seem inclusive and engages the audience
How it attracts a youth audience
– Informality: the language used and the way the presenters present themselves suggest that they are trying to appeal to more of a youth audience as they tend to use informal language as if they were speaking to a friend – this also makes it more personal which may make the listeners feel as if they are being directly addressed.
– Content: the content discussed is mainly targeting a youth audience as it specifically discusses growing up and going through life from a teenager/ younger persons position (university etc)
– Colour scheme: the colour scheme is bright and uses quite cartoonish colours which would appeal more to a younger audience – Emojis: the emojis suggest that this ad is aimed at more of a youth audience; stereo typically the younger generation is more accustomed to social media and would be more likely to be attracted to social media linked content – “How does social media make you feel?” : this question directly links to social media. There is more discussion about how social media influences and affects younger audiences so this question is mainly targeting youth audiences
As with many other forms of media, Radio also uses set codes and conventions such as sound, dialogue, accents, dialects, silence and SFX, in order to create and construct a recognisable genre to the audience. (Steve Neale genre theory). In terms of genre, War of the Worlds can be particularly applied to the genre of sci-fi, especially due to the use of sound effects and diegetic sounds.
But can War of the Worlds be considered as an intertextual product? Or pastiches of other genres.
To an extent, War of the Worlds can be considered an intertextual product as it is a radio adaption of the novel by H.G.Wells. ‘Intertextual figures include: allusion, quotation, calque, plagiarism, translation, pastiche and parody. It is a literary device that creates an ‘interrelationship between texts’ and generates related understanding in separate works.‘ Therefore it is intertextual as it is an adaption of the original novel, using quotations from it which provide a form of anchorage. Though the piece could also be considered pastiche as for 1938 in terms of technology, it was a modern interpretation of an ‘old’ piece of media.
Consider how developing technologies affect media language: in 1938 radio was still a relatively new mass media
In 1938, radio was a fairly new mass media form, certain codes and conventions common amongst radio may not have been fully interpreted yet. Ultimately, radio was primarily used to share news to a broad audience over a short period of time, therefore suggesting that it’s uses were primarily for formal purposes i.e breaking news or events. In terms of War of the Worlds, and its historical context of production (1938, when European tensions were high – verge of WW2) many listeners would have interpreted the broadcast as a real event, causing much distress and anxiety – especially as many missed the previous disclaimer.
Media Representations –
How does the use of media language construct the representation of the real? – Signifiers of real people and real conversations about true events and topics, as well as the use of sound effects and editing in conjunctions with diegetic sounds to suggest or create representations of real events as radio is purely audio rather than visual – imagination.
Is this programme an early example of fake news? – Can be linked to fake news, however it’s primary purpose was not to broadcast a fake event in order to scare people due to the disclaimer and action taken in order to show how this was purely for entertainment purposes. Those this does show how much of an impact media and fake news from media can impact society.
What signifiers of different groups and social classes are used?
The representation of the alien invaders in sci-fi genre.
As a broadcast in October 1938, can War of the Worlds be interpreted as representing particular political concerns to US – and international – society? In a way, the invasion by the aliens could be interpreted as enemy European forces attacking the US due to their alliances and opposition.
Media Institutions –
War of the Worlds was broadcast by Columbia Broadcasting Company – an institution still in existence (in a very different form) today.
Radio broadcasting was seen as direct competition to newspapers which had previously been the only way of receiving news.
The broadcast is typical of the way institutions are always looking for new styles in order to attract audiences.
Regulation – radio broadcasting was regulated by the Federal Communications Commission and it investigated the broadcast to see if it had broken any laws.
The broadcast provides an excellent example to consider the effect of individual producers on media industries (known as ‘auteur theory’) as this is the work of Orson Welles.
Media Audiences –
What techniques (ie Media Language) does the broadcast use to convince the audience that what they’re hearing is really happening? – the use of silence to cause fear of the unknown, the use of different presenters which all suggest the event is real, use of actors as citizens, diegetic sounds.
Consider the way that external factors – global political context, gender, religion, education etc. – are likely to also affect audience response. Radio was used in order to share ‘serious’ or formal news to the population, especially in terms of politics and the recent rise in the fascist agenda, this broadcast would have scared many in this respect.
The ways in which audiences interpret the same media product differently – at the time of broadcast and now (Reception theory including Hall ) At the time this form of media was new, now we are used to this form of media and its codes and conventions and what this may imply about the genre and purpose of a piece of media. – we are more likely now to have an oppositional reading as we know it isn’t real.
Reception theory is a version of reader response literary theory that emphasizes each particular reader’s reception or interpretation in making meaning from a literary text. Reception theory is generally referred to as audience reception in the analysis of communications models.
Cultivation theory including Gerbner – Due to the political climate many may have been reliant upon the radio for updates and news, therefore believing everything that is broadcasted to them, this broadcast would therefore also be interpreted as a true and real event.
