Primary audience– People who watch for self enjoyment which links to a Consumer based media=Individual needs and individual gains such as watching specific shows for themselves. In this case it would be people who enjoy crime, murder mystery and horror elements which is a hybridization of genre. This also links to gratification theory by Katz Gurevitch and Haas.
Secondary Audience– People who indirectly receive the form of media without deliberately looking for the media form. e.g. People seeing it on an advert or who just heard about.
Niche Audience– People who study and critique the media form. such as school students.
Theorists- Stuart Hall reception theory
Dominant= Who enjoy it and agree with it as the “mainstream”
Negotiated= Looks at both views such as the oppositional as well as dominant.
Opositional= People and individuals who have a different view of the media.
George Gerbner – Cultivation theory
People watch already knowing what to expect from similar genre codes and conventions that they may have previously watched.
The Killing and No Offence both attract audiences that enjoy thriller/horror and crime.
Both shows are also targeted at drama-loving audiences.
For both shows, the producers create advertisements that are dramatic and link with the genre of the show, dark and eerie.
By including this theme in the advertisements, the production companies are able to secure their audiences.
Both shows follow a predictable story line…a detective following a murder investigation. This scenarios is something that most audiences are familiar with and can follow along with well.
Adverts are made to draw in audiences and create an initial suspense. In The Killing this is used to show the dark nature of the show and show its genre.
Within No Offense, the producers created an advert that had already been tested and was similar to other Detective/Police shows featuring crime and murder, and this was how they got the audiences attention.
The Uses and Gratification’s theory may come into play with The Killing as it is a show full of suspense that does not relate too much to real life, so audiences may watch to escape their own mundane lives.
The television programmes are both within the Crime genre although they have different tones.
Link your knowledge of audience to your chosen pair of TV programmes Look at the advertising campaigns (trailers, websites at home and abroad) for your chosen CSP TV series and think about how media producers target, attract and potentially construct audiences across local, national and global scales.
In order to attract audiences for the killing , producers create adverts that are dramatic. Using dark scenes makes it clear that the program is not meant to be comedic and sets a scene of mystery. The Killing can relate to Katz, Gurevitch and Haas’ Uses and Gratification theory as the programme aims to fulfil personal needs. People may watch these programmes to escape their own lives and become interested and involved in something fictional.
To attract audiences for No Offence, producers create adverts similar to those of other murder investigation programs, as they know this will be effective because of the success of other murder investigations.
These television programs are aimed at viewers that have an interest in crime drama. By tailoring to these specific interests, the production companies can be sure they will secure viewers by doing this.
By following a specific predictable format it can provide security for the production companies, as they know that following the predictable story line of a main detective following the case of a murder will do well because of how popular they are in the modern day.
What is the difference between a consumer based media regulation system and a citizen based regulation system?
Consumer=Individual needs and individual gains such as watching specific shows. Citizen= Social needs for everyone such as a news broadcast appealing to a wider audience.
Q. What impact did the 2003 Communications Act have on media regulation?
Labour governments modernized UK regulations systems and assist the UK tele to become competitive in a globalized media landscape. Promoted independent production by getting the BBC and Chanel4 to commission more content from smaller production companies making it more consumer based instead of a citizen based regulation. This suggests production companies could produce and publish what they wanted even if it wasnt in the publics interest.
Q. What is the drawback of a self-regulated system?
producers and editors create their own moral and ethical codes of conduct of what they allow themselves to produce which can be different from others. This could suggest that certain publishers could go against the publics ethical and moral code as well as other institutions.
Q. How do you regulate media content and organisations on a global scale?
Q: What is the difference between a consumer based media regulation system and a citizen based regulation system?
Consumer – The government gives media companies a wide amount of possibilities and ideas to create media freely
Consumer – government isn’t regulating the media to be educational and factual
Citizen – Government gives pro-social policies for media which also give the society what they want, while maintaining a degree of order
Q. What impact did the 2003 Communications Act have on media regulation?
– The 2003 Communications act allowed other independant TV companies were freed up by being given more freedom in terms of creating media as they no longer had a civic-minded republican ideology in terms of media, slanting towards a consumer regulatory system as the content was now more commercially viable
– Ofcom was created in the UK to regulate media, which is a government-approved regulatory and competition authority for the broadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries of the United Kingdom
Q. What is the drawback of a self-regulated system?
– The drawbacks of self-regulated system are that the system doesn’t always work in favor of the society, but to restrict them.
– self regulated systems have a high chance of corruption as they regulate themselves, which means any mistakes can be swept under a rug and forgotten about
Q. How do you regulate media content and organisations on a global scale?
– Global organisation which regulates the whole of media, with the same punishments and the same rules
– have countries agree on a set of rules to be put in place everywhere
Look at the advertising campaigns (trailers, websites at home and abroad) for your chosen CSP TV series and think about how media producers target, attract and potentially construct audiences across local, national and global scales.
hypodermic needle theory – is a model of communication suggesting that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver.
The Killing – advertise to attract people who enjoy crime/thriller/horror genres.
netflix advertisement before it was taken off the production company
produces dark, eerie and sinister looking advertisements
The advertising campaigns (trailers, websites at home and abroad) for the series demonstrate how media producers target, attract and potentially construct audiences – we can link this to Cultivation theory (Gerbner)
uses of gratification – they have produce content in order to fulfill the desires of potential audiences – people who enjoy crime and murder genres. (even though this is something we shouldn’t make as entertainment, as stated by Livingstone and Lunt, as think the needs of a citizen are in conflict with the needs of the consumer, because protection can limit freedom. They noticed that regulating media to protect citizens from harmful content can limit freedom of expression. So we can argue that showing crime and murder ( harmful content) can increase freedom of expression
No Offence – advertised to attract the similar audience to the killing
produces dark and eerie adverts to showcase the criminal drama that is involved.
made adverts for English TV (channel 4 and french TV (France 2)
This means that different audiences interpretations reflect social, cultural and historical circumstances – which provide an insight into audience similarities and differences across local, national and global audiences.
No offence
– provides a wide range of representational areas to explore: gender, location, city, race etc (represents Manchester and its implications of crime
-deals with a range of social, cultural and political issues arising from comtemporay contexts. – the Manchester police force is used as a microcosm of society – focus of case featuring children with downs syndrome explores the position of people with disabilities in wider society.
-tv series that shows codes and conventions of the police procedural crime drama – combined with aspects of social realism
-allows students to be educated as it enables us to understand and reflect on the dynamic nature of genre.
The production, distribution and exhibition of many television shows how audiences can be reached, both on a national and global scale, through different media technologies and platforms, moving from the national to transnational through broadcast and digital technologies.
-No offence was made for both english tv and french tv
Link your knowledge of audience to your chosen pair of TV programmesLook at the advertising campaigns (trailers, websites at home and abroad) for your chosen CSP TV series and think about how media producers target, attract and potentially construct audiences across local, national and global scales.
To attract viewers for THE KILLING, producers create adverts that are exciting and dramatic. Using dark scenes and imagery makes it clear that the programme is not meant to be comedic. This programme can relate to Katz, Gurevitch and Haas’ Uses and Gratification theory as the programme aims to fulfil personal needs. People may watch these programmes to escape their own lives.
To attract viewers for NO OFFENCE, producers create adverts similar to every other murder investigation programme, as they know this will be effective.
Both television programmes are aimed at viewers that are interested in crime drama. By tailoring to these specific interests, the production companies can be sure they will secure viewers.
Following a specific predictable format can provide security for the production companies, as they know that following the predictable story line of a main detective following the case of a murder will do well on TV.
George Gerbner said, ‘watching television doesn’t cause a particular behaviour, but instead watching television over time adds up to our perception of the world around us‘.
The two-step flow theory by Paul Lazerfeld is about the idea that media gets shared via opinion leader who is shown as common people who in actuality are more connected to the media who share their opinion on media to which the consumers (us) who are passive to media so we have a choice,
Paul Lazarfeld recognised that a simple, linear model may not be sufficiently complex to understanding the relationship between message sent > message received. As such, in 1948 he developed the Two Step Flow model of communication, which took account of the way in which mediated messages are not directly injected into the audience, but while also subject to noise, error, feedback etc, they are also filtered through opinion leaders, those who interpret media messages first and then relay them back to a bigger audience.
Research into this area began with Denis McQuail and Jay Blumler, who in 1969, looked to study the 1964 UK Election. In the early 1970’s they were joined by Elihu Katz, Joseph Brown, Michael Gurevitch and Hadassah Haas.
In essence, they put forward research to show that individual audience members are more active than had previously been thought and were actually key to the processes of selection, interpretation and feedback. In essence, individuals sought particular pleasures, uses and gratifications from individual media texts, which can be categorised as:
steve neal : Genre
Neale states that the film and its genre is defined by two things: How much is conforms to its genre’s individual conventions and stereotypes.
Genre Theory is a collective term used to describe theoretical approaches that are concerned with how similar situations generate typified responses called genres, which serve as a platform for both creating an understanding based on shared expectations and also shaping the social context.
Genre is important for both consumers and media producers. Consumers can make choices about media texts they wish to consume and media producers can create a media text for a specific audience. Audiences will also expect certain audio codes such as tense, dramatic music.
