Antonio Gramsci (Hegemony)-

Refers to the dominantly shared system of values, ideas, and ethics of a society or community during a particular historical period. The definition of hegemony is leadership or dominance off one group over another. An example of hegemony would be the government power over its citizens. a hegemonic struggle is the presentation of people going against and challenging the dominant ideologies and social norms placed in.

Jurgen Habermas (public sphere)-

 The public sphere is the concept of a social space where people would meet and discuss social problems in for example a coffee shop, and through that would influenced political action .

James Curran & Jean Seaton (theory of liberal free press)–

Curran and Seaton elaborate and further explain the theory by Habermas on the topic of the “Free Press” and how the press should not be influenced or heavily dominated by large companies enforcing opinions and views on daily news. by doing this is manipulates the viewers to seeing a certain side of a story when the news should be a unbiased platform to inform our community.

Noam Chompsky (5 filters that manufacture consent)-

The theory explains five general classes of “filters” that determine the type of news that is presented in media. These five classes are: ownership, advertising, the media elite, flak, and the common enemy or “fear ideology”.

Ownership-Mass media firms are big corporations. Often, they are part of even bigger conglomerates. Their end game? Profit. And so it’s in their interests to push for whatever guarantees that profit. Naturally, critical journalism must take second place to the needs and interests of the corporation.

Advertising-Media costs a lot more than consumers will ever pay. So who fills the gap? Advertisers. And what are the advertisers paying for? Audiences. And so it isn’t so much that the media are selling you a product — their output. They are also selling advertisers a product — YOU.”

The Media Elite- The establishment manages the media through the third filter. Journalism cannot be a check on power because the very system encourages complicity. Governments, corporations, big institutions know how to play the media game. They know how to influence the news narrative. They feed media scoops, official accounts, interviews with the ‘experts’. They make themselves crucial to the process of journalism. So, those in power and those who report on them are in bed with each other.

Flak-If you want to challenge power, you’ll be pushed to the margins. When the media – journalists, whistleblowers, sources – stray away from the consensus, they get ‘flak’. This is the fourth filter. When the story is inconvenient for the powers that be, you’ll see the flak machine in action discrediting sources, trashing stories and diverting the conversation.

The Common Enemy Or “Fear Ideology”– To manufacture consent, you need an enemy — a target. That common enemy is the fifth filter. Communism. Terrorists. Immigrants. A common enemy, a bogeyman to fear, helps corral public opinion.

Louis Althusser ( interpellation and ISA)–

Ideological state apparatus are the social things around us i.e the media, school, family, friends ans state and they shape us into what we are today and conform us using their values. They interpellate us into what they expect us to be using the ISA.

Louis Althusser:

Louis Althusser looked at Ideological state apparatus (ISA) which refer to the structures filled with ideological ideas and beliefs that are connected to States and dominant interests and idea. ISA’s are complied with as they constantly reinforced and viewed by the mass as what is ‘right’, ‘normal’ and ‘expected’.  IDA’s includes the theory behind how atrocities such as Slavery and Genocide are allowed to happen as they are ideas formed by the ruling classes to trap everyone into set beliefs and actions. He also theorised about Interpellation and haling which are the way in which identity is formed by the way that you are perceived by others and in turn see yourself due to the reinforcement of these ideas.

Habermass:

Habermass came up with the theory of the free press whereby the stated that the media/the press should be free from interference and bias, ownership and political control. He argued that the free should be made by the people for the people and deliver factual and unbiased accounts.

Curran and Seaton:

Curran and Seaton further developed the idea of Habermass that the media/press should be free from interference and bias, ownership, political control. They also stated that the patterns of ownership and control are the most significant factors in how the media operate. They recognised the dangers and issues associated with this such as domination and control of the mass by only filtering dominate ideals and biased assumptions through the media mainstream.

Noam Chomsky:

Chomsky devised the theory of manufacturing consent and the five filters in which it is obtained. Manufacturing consent is theory behind the way in which dominate powers corruptly control and artificially gain consent from the masses through the media. This is obtained through Chomsky’s five point filters, Financial ownership (Monopolistic companies, striving for profit and financial control aim to obtain this through any means) Advertising news (advertising paying media companies to attain audiences and cover cost of media production) Media Elite (the role and influence mass co-operations have within journalism) Flack and Anti-Communism. Financial ownership: Monopolistic c

Antonio Gramsci – the concept of hegemony / hegemonic struggle

Habermas- the creation of the public sphere an area for the people safe from the government the idea of making connections with each over rather underneath the control of the government, safe haven to discuss them.

Curran- The media needs a form of regulation or they can post whatever they want and it won’t matter if it’s real or not so we have a filter what media goes through also known as “flack” so the government could stop negative information against them to never be published for the public as well as watchdogs who are mainly anonymous people who keep an eye out for the public to ensure there is no corrupt people or media. FREE PRESS should be free from interference/ ownership/political control

Chomsky– the five filters of consent is the process that the media goes through to control and manipulate the public. Advertising, common enemy, flacking,

Louis Althussar – argues that “there is no ideology except by the subject and for the subject” and that ‘All ideology hails or interpellates concrete individuals as concrete subjects, through the functioning of the category of the subject’. So Ideological state apparatus is a theoretical concept which is used to describe the way in which structures of civic society (education, culture, the arts, the family, religion etc) keeps people in their place – ‘the ruling ideology, which is the ideology of ‘the ruling class’.

Antonio Gramsci – Hegemony is a tug of war for power, and that the balance of power can be changed, how certain cultural forms predominate over others, which means that certain ideas are more influential than other. Post colonialism articulates a desire to reclaim, re-write and re-establish cultural identity and thus maintain power of The Empire.

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Pastiche – a work of art or other visual project that imitates the style or character of the work of another artist.

Parody – a jokey version of something usually used to imitate or make fun of an original work.

Bricolage – the construction of different texts which forms one new text.

Intertextuality – the shaping of a text’s meaning by another text

Metanarrative – a narrative about narratives of historical meaning, experience or knowledge.

Hyperreality – the inability to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality. Often seen in the media eg in TV when the reality being portrayed is not real.

Simulacrum – something that replaces reality with its representation.

Consumerist Society – a society in which people devote lots of time, energy and thought to ‘consuming’. The general view is that consumption is good and the more there is the better.

Fragmentary Identities – the idea that you can have different identities online and in real life.

Implosion –

Cultural Appropriation – the idea of taking aspects of one culture into another. eg. art, rituals, behaviour, music, style.

Reflexivity – the examination of one’s own beliefs. Thinking about your own thoughts.

Colonialism – the act of taking over another country politically, either fully or partially.

Post Colonialism – the study of the human consequences from the control of people and their land following being colonised.

Diaspora – a scattered population living in somewhere other than their place of origin. eg. the dispersion of Jews from Israel involuntarily.

BAME – Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (all ethnic groups except White groups).

Double Consciousness (Gilroy) – the internal conflict that a person feels living in a country that their ancestors are not from because of colonisation (African American). The conflict that people feel of not knowing which ethnicity they belong to.

Cultural Absolutism – the declaration of a societies culture to be of supreme ethical value.

Cultural Syncretism – when ideas from 2 or more cultures blend together to create a new custom.

Orientalism (Said) – style, artefacts or traits that are considered a characteristic of a certain place. eg. Asia is stereotyped in a way that is regarded as embodying a colonialist attitude.

Appropriation – the adoption of element of one culture by members of another culture.

Cultural Hegemony – the domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of that society.

The Public Sphere (Habermas) – a virtual or imaginary community who basically mould peoples views and interests through the use of the media.

The Role of Public Service – the public reporting on events used to shape our cultures and define our national identities.

Broadcasting in terms of fair representation of minority groups/ interests – non-biased news that simply reports on news and tries to not take a specific viewpoint. eg. The I.