Jurgen Habermas and the concept of the Public Sphere
How media lets bigger demographics consume and share unique ideas rather than the ideas released from the government or other higher economical figures like royalty.
QUOTES:
“The media do serve the public interest or general welfare whether by design or chance”
“In democratic societies, there are likely to be grounds on which an argued claim can be made”
James Curran & Jean Seaton – The Theory of The liberal free press
Media having the freedom to publish what they want, without interference from the Government. The information that is published by the press is free to use in the public domain and is open to anyone to access this information.
Public Broadcasting Services are neither commercial nor state-owned, free from political interference and pressure from commercial forces allowing the public to be informed, educated, included and also entertained.
QUOTES:
“The free market, it is also argued, makes the press a representative institution.”
“The market-based press is independent because it owes allegiance only to the public, the press is the people’s watchdog, scrutinizing the actions government and holding the country’s rulers to account”
“British broadcasting was started as a public service, and this proved as creative commercially as it was innovative culturally.”
Noam Chomsky – The 5 Filters that Manufacture Consent
How the media manipulates and controls the stories and articles they produce to portray the agreement and consent they supposedly have with the public (propaganda).
THE FIVE FILTERS:
- The size, concentrated ownership, owner wealth, and profit orientation of the dominant mass-media firms
- Advertising as the primary income source of the mass media
- The reliance of the media on information provided by government, business and ‘experts’ funded and approved by these primary sources and agents of power.
- ‘Flack’ as a means of disciplining the media
- ‘Anti-Communism’ as a national religion and control mechanism. – common enemy
Louis Althusser – Interpellation & Ideological State Apparatus
How the government builds different constructs e.g. buildings, laws, food, drinks, etc that forms society and our views.
- Repressive state apparatuses (RSA) makes the most dominant class with the highest amount of power use their to control the working class.
- Ideological State Apparatus uses pacifist methods in order to ‘maintain control’ over a population.
Antonio Gramsci – The Concept of Hegemony/Hegemonic Struggle
Hegemony is the struggle between the most powerful class and the lower classes, the struggle between the independence of different groups and their identities. Imagine a tug of war between your own identity and what other people are telling you.
QUOTES:
“How certain cultural forms predominate over others, which means that certain ideas are more influential than others”