- Jurgen Habermas (the public sphere)
- The public comes to interact with itself in a public discussion about ideas and concepts
- this place is called the public sphere
- the public sphere can be used to spread awareness of movements or spread ideology
- James Curran and Jean Seaton
- Two theorists who co-wrote a book called “Power Without Responsibility”
- the liberal theory of press freedom:
- The broad shape and nature of the press is ultimately determined by no one but its readers
- self regulation
- Noam Chomsky
- created the book “Manufacturing Consent”
- Created the theory that there are “5 filters that manufacture consent” (the propaganda model)
- filter 1: ownership – media companies should own all steps of publication to create a bias (conglomerates)
- filter 2: advertising – funding generated through advertising (the buyers of the newspaper are the ‘product’ sold to advertisers)
- filter 3: sourcing – mass media will draw information from sources that consider its interests as economic first
- filter 4: flak – mass media will attack radical ideas – creating stories that see the subject of the article in a negative light or just fake news.
- filter 5: anti-communism and fear
Fuchs
- 3 types of media
- capitalist media: corporate ownership (a)
- Public servic media: state related institutions (b)
- Civil society media: citizen control (c)
- media is based on a. information commodities, b. information commons and c. information as public good
- capitalism is expansive, imperialist and colonising (consumption over culture)