1. Pastiche – is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist
2. Parody – is work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony
3. Bricolage  – Bring different things together- rearranges signs that aren’t connected and brings new meanings to them
4. Intertextuality – suggests signs only have meaning in reference to other signs – one sign that is a clear copy of another sign
5. Metanarrative – big / overall narrative.
6. Hyperreality – the existence of a reality that is the reality but doesn’t seem like it.
7. Simulacrum  – where the simulation is more real than the reality
8. Conumerist Society – one in which people devote a great deal of time, energy, resources, and thought to “consuming”.
9. Fragmentary Identities – when a personal identity and idea of who they are is fragmented and a person’s identity has wholes in it.
10. Implosion – an instance of something collapsing violently inwards
11. cultural appropriation – Cultural appropriation, at times also phrased cultural misappropriation, is the adoption of an element or elements of one culture by members of another culture.
12. Reflexivity -refers to circular realtionships

POSTMODERNISM – A philosophy/ a way of seeing the world- relates to concepts such as;

RE-IMAGINING, PASTICHE, PARODY, COPY, BRICOLAGE

2 types of coping – Parody v Pastiche. PARODY= coping something or someone with an intention of making it comical and making fun of them. Whereas PASTICHE= coping someone seriously and making or doing something like them or in the style of.

Intertextuality: surface signs, gestures & play

 Shuker, ‘their preoccupation with visual style‘

fragmentary, decentred nature of  … whatever it might be (music videos etc…) FRAGMENTARY – is in fragments has holes

audiences are ‘no longer able to distinguish ‘fiction’ from ‘reality’, don’t know what is real and what is not

BRICOLAGE – ‘involves the rearrangement and juxtaposition of previously unconnected signs to produce new codes of meaning’ (Barker & Jane, 2016:237).

If it the priority is play, then the emphasis is on the surface

We are more interested in the surface or something.

 ‘in a postmodern world, surfaces and style become the most important defining features of the mass media and popular culture‘ (Strinati: 234)

A brief economic, historical and societal backdrop to Postmodernism.

Richard Hoggart (Uses of Literacy)  – noted the shift in modern societies particularly the impact on our ‘neighborhood lives’, which was ‘an extremely local life, in which everything is remarkably near‘ (1959:46)

Fragmentary consumption = Fragementary identities.

This process of fragmented consumption separating, splitting up and dividing previously homogeneous groups such as, friends, the family, the neighborhood, the local community, the town, the county, the country and importantly

postmodern culture is a consumer culture – the focus on FRAGMENTATION OF IDENTITY is characterized and linked to an increase of consumption and the proliferation of new forms of digital technologies.

alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies. – we are not connected in the modern world has frage=mented and alienated individuals

The loss of a metanarrative

French intellectual Jean Baudrillard would describe as IMPLOSION which gives rise to what he terms SIMULACRA. The idea that although the media has always been seen as a representation of reality – more simulations than reality. (because we lost this metanarrative society has collapsed in on itself) (the more we do what we think we should the more we disconnect from ourselves) we don’t know what’s real.

1. Pastiche – a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist
2. Parody – a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony
3. Bricolage – a useful term to apply to postmodernist texts as it ‘involves the rearrangement and juxtaposition of previously unconnected signs to produce new codes of meaning’
4. Intertextuality – surface signs, gestures and play
5. Metanarrative – A metanarrative (also meta-narrative and grand narrative; French: métarécit) in critical theory and particularly in postmodernism is a narrative about narratives of historical meaning, experience, or knowledge, which offers a society legitimation through the anticipated completion of a (as yet unrealized) master idea.
6. Hyper reality – Hyperreality, in semiotics and postmodernism, is an inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality, especially in technologically advanced postmodern societies.
7. Simulacrum – Not just a representation of the real, but the real itself, a grand narrative that is ‘truth‘ in its own right: an understanding of uncertain/certainty that Baudrillard terms the hyperreal.
8. Conumerist Society – is one in which people devote a great deal of time, energy, resources and thought to “consuming”. The general view of life in a consumerist society is consumption is good, and more consumption is even better. The United States is an example of a hyper-consumerist society.
9. Fragmentary Identities – As an example, mobile telephony (both hardware and software) now appears to proliferate and connect every aspect of our lives, and generally does so from the perspective of consumption – consuming images, sounds, stories, messages etc – rather than production. Alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies.
10. Implosion – an instance of something collapsing violently inwards.
11. cultural appropriation – the unacknowledged or inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc. of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society.
12. Reflexivity – generally refers to the examination of one’s own beliefs, judgments and practices during the research process and how these may have influenced the research. If positionality refers to what we know and believe then reflexivity is about what we do with this knowledge.

Postmodernism is a way of seeing the world. New expressions of of identity and being – often found in popular culture and modern technology, are all new iterations (versions) of previous expressions of popular culture.

Shuker refers to Fredric Jameson about that ’embody the postmodern condition.

Hard to distinguish reality from fiction

Style over substance. Put another way, are we more interested in the surface of an object than its’ inner meaning?

Richard Hoggart (uses of literacy) – Lost our neighborhood lives, we are more concerned and centered around consumption

Fragmentary consumption = Fragmentary identities. As an example, mobile telephony (both hardware and software) now appears to proliferate and connect every aspect of our lives, and generally does so from the perspective of consumption – consuming images, sounds, stories, messages etc – rather than production. Alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies.

Loss of metanarrative

Jean Baudrillard would describe as Implosion which gives rise to what he terms Simulacra.

Philosophy/ way of understanding the World.Looking at the world through this lens allows you to see the world in a different way. Music videos can often be seen as postmodern.

Suggests nothing is new, we revisit old things and modernize them. Complimented and fragmentary set of inter-relations and re-imaginary.

Pastiche is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist. Parody is a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony.

Intertextuality – one text is referencing another. Shuker notes, two points are frequently made about music videos: ‘their preoccupation with visual style’.’Fragmentary, decentred nature of music videos’ and  ‘no longer able to distinguish ‘fiction’ from ‘reality’. ‘making them part of a blatantly consumerist culture‘

‘involves the rearrangement and juxtaposition of previously unconnected signs to produce new codes of meaning’ (Barker & Jane, 2016:237). 

STYLE OVER SUBSTANCE. Put another way, are we more interested in the surface of an object than its’ inner meaning?

a postmodern world, surfaces and style become the most important defining features of the mass media and popular culture‘ (Strinati: 234). 

Richard Hoggart (Uses of Literacy) – talks about shift in media technological culture, what’s seen as old boring and rubbish and something happened in 50/ 60’s, impact on neighborhood lives, everything was local. In about 100 years the world grew from 2 billion people to 6 billion and it turned the world into consumers and nothing was local anymore now you just buy and don’t make anything and just consume more and that’s how were characterized.

Fragmentary consumption = Fragmentary identities. Postmodern culture is consumer culture. Alienated individuals living in a fragmented society.

The loss of a metanarrative. Religion is a metanarrative i.e going to heaven its a belief that everything comes to place and sorts itself out. There was an enlightenment which suggested it’s fake.

‘real’ seems to be imploding in on itself, a ‘process leading to the collapse of boundaries between the real and simulations’ (Barker & Emma, 2015:242). .A process which the French intellectual Jean Baudrillard would describe as IMPLOSION which gives rise to what he terms SIMULACRA. 

A simulation, from Baudrillard’s perspective of implosion, it is has become more than a representation or simulation and it has become SIMULACRUM. Hyper-real.

Pastiche- is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist.

Parody-  is a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony.

Bricolage-

Intertexuality-

Metanarrative-

Hyperreality-

Simulacrum-

Consumerist society-

Fragmentary identities-

Implosion-

cultural appropriation-

reflexivity-

1. Pastiche – a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist
2. Parody – a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony
3. Bricolage – involves the rearrangement and juxtaposition of previously unconnected signs to produce new codes of meaning
4. Intertextuality – one text/sign is referencing another
5. Metanarrative – how the media stories over a period of time.
6. Hyperreality – inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality, especially in technologically advanced postmodern societies.
7. Simulacrum – not just a representation of the real, but the real itself
8. Conumerist Society –
9. Fragmentary Identities –
10. Implosion –
11. cultural appropriation –
12. Reflexivity –

Post modernism is a kind of philosophy/way of life and a way of seeing the world.

New expressions of identity and being are actually new iterations (versions) of previous expressions. Postmodernism as a complicated and fragmentary set of inter-relationships.

Shuker (talking about music videos) – their preoccupation with visual style, and associated with this, their status as key exemplars of ‘postmodern’ texts.’ (2001:167)

fragmentary, decentred nature of music videos that break up traditional understandings of time and space.

 ‘no longer able to distinguish ‘fiction’ from ‘reality’

Surface and style over substance

Richard Hoggart (Uses of Literacy). Lost our ‘Neighborhood Lives’ we are more concerned and centered around consumption

Fragmentary consumption = Fragmentary identities

Postmodernism is the development of fragmented, alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies.

Jean Baudrillard would describe as implosion which gives rise to what he terms simulacra.

A ‘process leading to the collapse of boundaries between the real and simulations’ 

become more than a representation or simulation and it has become simulacrum not just a representation of the real, but the real itself.

an understanding of uncertain/certainty that Baudrillard terms the hyperreal.

Postmodernism is a philosophy, and is an approach to understand knowledge, life, politics, culture, etc.

key words

• New iterations
• Fragmentary
• decentered
• Re-imagining
• interseualtity

Surface signs– must know the original film in order to understand the parodies ‘their preoccupation with visual style, and associated with this, their status as key exemplars of ‘postmodern’ texts.’ (2001:167). shuker. ‘no longer able to distinguish ‘fiction’ from ‘reality’, part of the postmodern condition’ (ibid)

Bricolage – ‘involves the rearrangment and juxtaposition of previously unconnected signs to produce new codes of meaning’ (Barker & Jane, 2016:237).

style over substance– ‘in a postmodern world, surfaces and style become the most important defining features of the mass media and popular culture‘ (Strinati: 234)

Richard Hoggart – noted the shift between people living local lives ‘neighborhood lives’ to cities becoming ‘high-consuming energy centres’. Which means we have shifted from production to consumption.

Fragmentary consumption = Fragmentary identities. We construct, our (multiple) digital identities, visable and varying across different digital platforms – work identity, social identity, family identity etc. The development of fragmented, alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies.

 Jean Baudrillard – theres an implosion from the loss of the metanarative. ‘From a societal perspective the ‘real’ seems to be imploding in on itself, a ‘process leading to the collapse of boundaries between the real and simulations’

1. Pastiche – A work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist
2. Parody – A work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony
3. Bricolage – A useful term to apply to postmodernist texts as it ‘involves the rearrangement and juxtaposition of previously unconnected signs to produce new codes of meaning’ (Barker & Jane, 2016:237)
4. Inter Textuality – One text is referencing another. Suggests signs only have meaning in reference to other signs and that meaning is therefore a complex process of decoding/encoding with individuals both taking and creating meaning in the process of reading texts
5. Meta Narrative – Big/overall thing. A narrative account that experiments with or explores the idea of storytelling, often by drawing attention to its own artificiality
6. Hyper Reality – The inability to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality
7. Simulacrum – An image or representation of someone or something
8. Consumerist Society – Social and economic order that encourages an acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.
9. Fragmentary Identities – Our experience of having a self and of being a self
10. Implosion – An instance of something collapsing violently inwards/ sudden collapse/failure of an organisation or system
11. Cultural appropriation – The unacknowledged or inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc. of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society.
12. Reflexivity – Examination of one’s own belief, judgments and practices during the research process and how these may have influenced the research

• A kind of philosophy and a way of seeing the world
• We essentially live in a world of copying/imagining, we copy from one another but interpret things in different ways
• We have new expressions of identity/being in today’s society
• We continue to reference ourselves and other things
• We’re a bit fragmented/removed from each other
• ‘Strike a cord with you’
• Expressions are new iterations (versions) of previous expressions of popular culture
• ‘Two points are frequently made about music videos: ‘their preoccupation with visual style’ – Their status as key exemplars of ‘postmodern’ texts.’ (2001:167)
• Shuker refers Fredric Jameson’s (1984) notion of the ‘meta narrative’ that ’embody the postmodern condition’ (168). For example, the fragmentary, decentered nature of music videos
• We find it hard to distinguish fiction from reality
• It’s fragmentary if we are referencing different things
• Essentially music videos are a commercial tool to sell music videos
• If someone enjoys something then they’ll watch/buy it
• Postmodern culture is a deliberate, self-conscious, re-working one that prioritises the idea of the copy
• If it the priority is play, then the emphasis is on the surface
• Focus is superficial/shallow if the main focus is just connecting one product to another
• In a post modern world surfaces/style will become the most important defining features of the mass media and popular culture
• The emphasis of style and surface over substance, means that what something looks like becomes more important than anything else, as opposed to what something might mean, or what it could be used for
• You become subservient to the media and what companies want you to buy
• We are potentially more interested in the surface of an object over its inner meaning
• Richard Hoggart noted the shift in modern societies, especially the impact on our ‘neighbourhood lives’
• John Urry comments, this was ‘life centered upon groups of known streets’ where there was ‘relatively little separation of production and consumption‘ (2014:76)
• We don’t make anything anymore and consume a lot more than we used to
• We live in a society where we consume a lot
• Focus on consumption and buying things
• Fragmentary consumption = Fragmentary identities
• fragmented consumption separating, splitting up and dividing previously homogeneous groups such as, friends, the family, the neighborhood, the local community, the town, the county, the country and importantly, is often linked to the process of fragmented identity construction
• Buying one thing could lead to you buying even more (e.g a good phone can make you buy more)
• Fragmentation of identity is characterised and linked to an increase of consumption and the proliferation of new forms of digital technologies
• A key key characteristic of postmodernism is the development of fragmented, alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies.
• There’s a belief that everything connects in some way or another
• Strinati points out that ‘the distinction between culture and society is being eroded’ (231) and suggests that our sense of reality appears to come from the culture, rather than from society which is then reproduced, represented and relayed through media
• A way of understanding this comes from Baudrillard’s provocative 1991 book ‘The Gulf War Did Not Take Place’, It suggests that not only our experience and understanding of this war a ‘mediated reality’ . He also suggests we live in a world of hyper reality and the simulation is more real than the real thing

Postmodernism is a kind of philosophy way of life and a way of seeing the world

1. Pastiche – is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist
2. Parody – a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony
3. Bricolage – a useful term to apply to postmodernist texts as it involves the rearrangement and juxtaposition
4. Intertextuality – it suggests signs only have meaning in reference to other signs and that the meaning is therefore complex
5. Metanarrative – how the media stories over a period of time shape and change the public opinion of the artist, or their star image.
6. Hyperreality – where everything seems more real than it is, existence of reality which isn’t reality
7. Simulacrum – not just a representation of the real, but the real itself
8. Consumerist Society – A consumerist society is one in which people devote a great deal of time, energy, resources and thought to “consuming”. The general view of life in a consumerist society is consumption is good, and more consumption is even better.
9. Fragmentary Identities – is characterized and linked to an increase of consumption and the proliferation of new forms of digital technologies.
10. Implosion – meaning is being lost with the increase of information
11. cultural appropriation –  is when someone takes or uses elements of a culture to which they do not belong and does so without the permission or consent of those who do belong to the culture.
12. Reflexivity – describes the process by which a film or television programme draws attention to itself, reminding the spectator of its textuality and status as a media construct

New expressions of identity and being are actually new iterations of previous expressions of popular culture

Shuker says “their preoccupation with visual style, and associated with this, their status as key exemplars of ‘postmodern’ texts” (2001:167)

the fragmentary, decentred nature of music videos that break up traditional understandings of time and space so that audiences are ‘no longer able to distinguish ‘fiction’ from ‘reality’

STYLE OVER SUBSTANCE (Put another way, are we more interested in the surface or the ‘inner meaning?’

Richard Hoggart (Uses of Literacy) noted the shift in modern societies particularly the impact on our ‘neighborhood lives’, which was ‘an extremely local life, in which everything is remarkably near‘ (1959:46)

With a displacement of both consumption and production that has radically altered the nature of societies and individuals living in them.

Fragmentary consumption = Fragementary identities.

In effect, another key characteristic of postmodernism is the development of fragmented, alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies.

Jean Baudrillard would describe as IMPLOSION which gives rise to what he terms simulacra

A ‘process leading to the collapse of boundaries between the real and simulation’

1. Pastiche- is a work of art, drama, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the work of a previous artist
2. Parody-  is a work or performance that imitates another work or performance with ridicule or irony
3. Bricolage-  the rearrangement and juxtaposition of previously unconnected signs to produce new codes of meaning  
4. Intertextuality- it suggests signs only have meaning in reference to other signs and that meaning is therefore a complex process of decoding/encoding with individuals both taking and creating meaning in the process of reading texts/  the concept that the meaning of a text does not reside in the text, but is produced by the reader in relation not only to the text in question, but also the complex network of texts invoked in the reading process.
5. Metanarrative-  experience, or knowledge, which offers a society legitimation through the anticipated completion of a master idea. 
6. Hyperreality- everything seems more real then it is.
7. Simulacrum-  is a representation or imitation of a person or thing. Simulations are more real than the actual thing
8. Consumerist Society- a society that consuming is the main objective
9. Fragmentary Identities- Is when we construct multiple identities
10. Implosion- Implosion is a process in which objects are destroyed by collapsing on themselves.
11. cultural appropriation- , is the adoption of an element or elements of one culture by members of another culture. This can be controversial when members of a dominant culture appropriate from disadvantaged minority cultures
12. Reflexivity- In epistemology, and more specifically, the sociology of knowledge, reflexivity refers to circular relationships between cause and effect, especially as embedded in human belief structures.

Postmodernism can be understood as a philosophy that is a way of seeing the world. It is possible to understand postmodernism as a complicated and fragmentary set of inter-relationships, a practice of re imagining, pastiche, bricolage and self-referentiality, 

Intertextuality: surface signs, gestures & play

• As Shuker notes, two points are frequently made about music videos: ‘their preoccupation with visual style, and associated with this, their status as key exemplars of ‘postmodern’ texts.’
• The fragmentary, decentred nature of music videos that break up traditional understandings of time and space so that audiences are ‘no longer able to distinguish ‘fiction’ from ‘reality’, part of the postmodern condition’ 

Surface and style over substance

If it the priority is play, then the emphasis is on the surface, in other words, if the main focus is the idea of just connecting one product to another, then the focus is superficial, shallow, lacking depth

Richard Hoggart 

• noted the shift in modern societies particularly the impact on our ‘neighborhood lives’, which was ‘an extremely local life, in which everything is remarkably near
•  Cities, towns, villages and houses all became high-consuming energy centres’

Fragmentary consumption = Fragmentary identities.

• This process of fragmented consumption separating, splitting up and dividing previously homogeneous groups such as, friends, the family, the neighborhood, the local community, the town, the county, the country and importantly, is often linked to the process of fragmented identity construction.
•  the transition from substance to style is linked to a transition from production to consumption.
•  another key characteristic of postmodernism is the development of fragmented, alienated individuals living (precariously) in fragmented societies.

The loss of a metanarrative

overarching ideas, attitudes, values and beliefs that have held us together in a shared belief, For example, the belief in religion, science, capitalism, communism, revolution, war, peace and so on.

Jean Baudrillard

• From a societal perspective the ‘real’ seems to be imploding in on itself, a ‘process leading to the collapse of boundaries between the real and simulations’
• from Baudrillard’s perspective of implosion, it is has become more than a representation or simulation

Equal justice initiative-

• “A narrative of white supremacy was created”
• Slavery officially ended but actually grew from 40,000 to 435,000
• Slavery didn’t end, it evolved
• Jim Crow laws- no school, cant vote

Paul Gilroy

Theme of Double Consciousness (hybridisation), how can you be both black and British

derived from W. E. B. Dubois, involves ‘Black Atlantic’ striving to be both European and Black through their relationship to the land of their birth and their ethnic political constituency

Edward Said

In his book Orientalism, Edward Said, points out that ‘the Orient has helped to define Europe (Or the West) as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience. . A good way to develop an understanding of this term is in his exploration of the mirror stage of child development, whereby, as we cannot actually see ourselves as whole, we use a reflection to understand who we are / who we are not. The orient cant represent itself

Lacan proposed that in infancy this first recognition occurs when we see ourselves in a mirror. Applying that theory to culture, communications and media studies, it is possible to see why we are so obsessed with reading magazines, listening to music, watching films, videos and television because, essentially, we are exploring ‘The Other’ as a way of exploring ourselves.

-A way of understanding the world/ a philosophy

– an approach towards understanding, knowledge, life, being, art, technology, culture, sociology, philosophy, politics and history in that it often refers to and often copies other things in order to understand itself.

Intertextuality

-When one text references another

– ‘preoccupation with visual style’ – Shuker

-We find it hard to distinguish fiction from reality

Intertextuality=  signs only have meaning in reference to other signs and that meaning is therefore a complex process of decoding/encoding with individuals both taking and creating meaning in the process of reading texts

Bricolage = the rearrangment and juxtaposition of previously unconnected signs to produce new codes of meaning

Surface and style over substance

‘In a postmodern world, surfaces and style become the most important defining features of the mass media and popular culture‘ (Strinati: 234)

-If post modern culture is focused more on the style and surface over substance there is a problem with culture

Postmodernism context

Richard Hoggart noted the shift in modern societies particularly the impact on our ‘neighborhood lives’ (everything and everything are extremely near)

• We don’t make anything anymore we just consume (characterized by consumption more than production)

Fragmentary consumption

– separating, splitting up and dividing previously homogeneous groups such as, friends, the family, the neighborhood, the local community, the town, the county, the country

–Fragmentary identities= work identity, social identity, family identity