Feminist by definition is a political position. The Feminine refers to a set of culturally defined characteristics determined at feminine.
Systemic Societal Sexism:
- misogyny – fear or hatred of women (subordination)
- sexism – discriminatory technique
- patriarchy – male power
- institutional (groups, organisations) perspective and individual perspective
Historical contexts// key points
- 3 Wave Feminism in the mid 90s
- Barker and Jane (2016) >
- an emphasis on the differences among women due to race, ethnicity, class, nationality, religion – pluralism/ inter-sectional
- individual and do-it-yourself tactics cyber activism
- fluid and multiple subject positions and identities
- the re-appropriation of derogatory terms such as ‘slut’ and ‘bitch’
- sex positivity was more prevalent
- more active in cultural and pluralism – deveolopment on first
MULVEY
- draws on the work by:
- Jacques Lacan – (identity- he was interested the first time a child recognises themselves in a mirror (mirror stage). He spoke about how we are socially constructed and that representation is constructed through the eyes of others another.
- ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema‘ – written in 1973 and published in 1975.
- Fetishism = ‘objectified‘ and ‘sexualised‘ parts of the female body.
- scopophilia = the pleasure to be had in looking(used in the media as marking tool to increase profits)
- vouyerism = the sexual pleasure found in looking
- controlling and subjective gaze = the male gaze(term brought to relevance by MULVAY.
“In a world ordered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male passive/female.”
Mulvey