Colonialism: Colonialism is the policy of a country seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, generally with the aim of economic dominance.

Post Colonialism: The academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonised people and their lands.

Diaspora: A diaspora is a scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale.

Bame: A term long used to refer to black, Asian and minority ethnic people in the UK.

Double consciousness (Gilroy): A term explaining the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society.

Cultural absolution/ racial essentialism: The idea that psychological phenomena, eg honesty and intelligence do not differ from culture to culture.

Cultural syncretism: The distinct aspects of different cultures in which blend together to make something unique.

Orientalism (SAID): Orientalism is the imitation or depiction of aspects in the Eastern world (could be in a stereotyped way).

Appropriation: Appropriation in art is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them.

Cultural Hegemony: In Marxist philosophy, cultural hegemony is the domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of that society.

The public sphere (Habermas): Public sphere, according to Habermas, is a democracy approach in which different groups of people coming together to share their opinion towards social and political issues (Lubenow, 2012).

Task 1 – Background

• Released June 12th 1981
• It was the ‘single of the year’ for 1981
• Ghost Town was originally created as a a ‘break up’ song for The Specials
• Signed to the label 2 tone
• Was number 1 upon release for a few weeks (3) and was in the top 40 for 10 weeks meaning it was a popular and successful song
• Barney Bubbles directed it
• Awards: NME award for best single
• Jerry Dammers wrote the song
• The Specials were formed in 1977

Task 2 – Cultural, Historical and Social background

• In 1981 unemployment rates in the UK were at the high with almost 3 million unemployed
• The song was number 1 post-Brixton and during the Handsworth and Toxteth riots
• The song represents an unease about the state of the nation
• The cultural critic Dorian Lynskey has described it as ‘’a remarkable pop cultural moment’’ one that “defined an era’

1. COLONIALISM– having full or patriarchal control over a country and exploiting it economically
2. POST COLONIALISM–  the effects left on a country after a country is colonised
3. DIASPORA– Jewish people that live outside Israel
4. BAME– A term long used to refer to black, Asian and minority ethnic people in the UK
5. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY)– Internal conflict in subordinated groups who are oppressed by society
6. CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM–  belief that intelligence and honesty do not differ from culture to culture
7. CULTURAL SYNCRETISM– distinctive aspects from cultures that are mixed and blended together to create something unique and new
8. ORIENTALISM (SAID)– seeing Eastern societies as exotic, primitive, and inferior.
9. APPROPRIATION– taking something from someone without the owners knowledge
10. CULTURAL HEGEMONY– dominating a culturally diverse society by the ruling class and manipulating the culture of that society 
11. THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS)– a place where people can come together to freely discuss societal problems

COLONIALISM– the control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people.

POST COLONIALISM– the academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonised people and their lands.

DIASPORA-the dispersion of a particular culture/ethnic group beyond their originating geographical location.

BAME– a term long used in the UK to refer to black, Asian and minority ethnic people.

DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY)-a term describing the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society.

CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM– a philosophical position that declares a society’s.

CULTURAL SYNCRETISM– is when an aspect of two or more distinct cultures blend together to create a new custom, idea, practice, or philosophy.

ORIENTALISM (SAID)– as defined by Edward Said, is the Western attitude that views Eastern societies as exotic, primitive, and inferior.

CULTURAL APPROPRIATION– is the adoption of an element or elements of one culture by members of another culture. This can be controversial when members of a dominant culture appropriate from disadvantaged minority cultures.

CULTURAL HEGEMONY-the domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of that society eg US government

THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS)– an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS– a key issue that is facing PSB (Public Service Broadcasting) is the representation of ethnic minorities as one of the functions of PSB is to reflect the reality of multi-ethnic and multicultural republics.

1. COLONIALISM – policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country
2. POST COLONIALISM – effects left behind after a country is colonised
3. DIASPORA – Jewish people that are live outside Israel
4. BAME – black, Asian and minority ethnic people
5. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY) – describing the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society.
6. CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM – idea that psychological phenomena, such as intelligence and honesty, do not differ from culture to culture
7. CULTURAL SYNCRETISM – distinct aspects of different cultures blend together to make something new and unique
8. ORIENTALISM (SAID) – involves seeing Arab culture as exotic, backward, uncivilised, and at times dangerous.
9. APPROPRIATION – taking something from something without the owners permission.
10. CULTURAL HEGEMONY – domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of that society 
11. THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS – area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action.

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COLONIALISM = when a country seeks to attain complete or partial control of another and enforce authority to achieve dominance.

POST COLONIALISM = the study of the effects and cultural legacy of colonialism and exploitation of the colonised people and their lands.

DIASPORA = the dispersion of a particular culture/ethnic group beyond their originating geographical location.

BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethic) = term used in the UK to (politically correctly) refer to Black, Asian and other minority ethnic groups.

DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY) =  Gilroy defined double consciousness as the internal anguish of minority groups in oppressive societies.

CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM = Cultural absolutism = belief that a particular culture is supreme ethical value (e.g. Aryan race, Nazi Germany) Racial Essentialism = belief in a genetic/biological essence that defines all members of a racial category.

CULTURAL SYNCRETISM = when an aspect of two or more distinct cultures blend together to create a new custom, idea, practice, or philosophy.

ORIENTALISM (SAID) = how western powers and Europe define the eastern cultures, people and customs as inferior, uncivilised, exotic and at times dangerous and how Western culture is the opposite to that.

APPROPRIATION = adoption of an element of a particular culture into another by members of that culture.

CULTURAL HEGEMONY = domination though ideological means. Those in power dictate social norms and cultural expectations etc.

THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS) = Habermas theorised that the public sphere is an area of social life where individuals join together to freely discuss and identify problems within society, free from bias political dictation.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS: PSB have to represent minority groups equally and not reflect dominate ideologies and stereotypes. Aiming to aid the understanding and break the ignorance of dominate groups with regards to minorities to try and create a fair society.

narrative is how a story of a media text is constructed and how it conveys the information to the audience.

clear beginning middle and end, reach a high point in the middle then return to equilibrium at the end (TODOROV)

each media product will have a set narrative it follows for each product eg music video / news braodcast

some have a fixed narrative (cant’ be changed by audience) eg music video, some can be changed by audience eg games where the player determines the outcome

1. COLONIALISM: The practice of mainly western cultures occupying lands of other cultures, like Africa and Asia, mainly for the land’s resources and labour. To support these occupations, western imperialists would claim that their culture is superior to the peoples they were subjugating. These are ideas that, despite colonialism being almost non-existent today, have influence on modern western culture. 
2. POST COLONIALISM: The Observation that, despite almost all colonial occupation ceasing, colonial values like the supposed superiority of Western values and culture and the tendency of western cultures to ignore the complexity of other cultures and values and dismiss them as primitive or deviant are still influential in western culture. 
3. DIASPORA: A diaspora is an ethnic group that has members in varying areas of the globe due to being scattered, either voluntarily through immigration or involuntarily like slavery or genocide. As a result of being a diaspora, these ethnic groups are minorities among the populations they live in, and as such most media from these societies will represent these ethnic groups through the lens of the majority of the population of these societies. 
4. BAME: “Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic” – A term used by the government to refer to the collective minority population. 
5. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY): Double Consciousness refers to the internal conflict minority ethnic groups face when living in a nation whose majority ethnic group is different to theirs. For example, black British people have a double consciousness between their black identities and culture and the predominantly white society they live in. 
6. CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM: Essentialism refers to a lay belief in the existence of underlying natures that constitute and differentiate social categories. In terms of race and culture, this refers to, for example, the observation that dominant cultural groups use racial or cultural essentialism to justify existing racist social hierarchies and supposed racial inequality. 
7. CULTURAL SYNCRETISM: Cultural syncretism refers to how aspects of different cultures can blend to create something new and unique. 
8. ORIENTALISM (SAID): A book by Edward Said which describes how western cultures have defined eastern cultures in ways that justify colonial ideas of exploitation, showing how colonial ideas are still influential in modern western culture. 
9. APPROPRIATION: The use of other cultures by people of different cultures (often more dominant ones) outside their original cultural contexts. This is an example of how dominant cultures often use aspects of disadvantaged cultures without appreciation for those cultures (an aspect of colonial ideas – appropriation’s presence in modern society shows how colonial ideas are still influential in a post-colonial world). 
10. CULTURAL HEGEMONY: The rule of one culture group over others. The ideas of the dominant culture group are often influential over the others. 
11. THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS): The public sphere refers to the idea of the development of the ease of communication of non-ruling classes throughout history from which they can discuss social issues. The public sphere becomes more available to people of differing social classes. 
12. THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS: Public service broadcasting’s role is to represent minority groups fairly and similarly to dominant cultural groups. The consequence of not representing minorities fairly can lead to many people of dominant cultural groups to not understand the views and experiences of minorities properly which can lead to misrepresentation and appropriation, even just out of ignorance and not malice. 

1. COLONIALISM 

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

1. POST COLONIALISM 

Post-colonialism is an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that analyze, explain, and respond to the cultural legacies of colonialism and of imperialism, to the human consequences of controlling a country and establishing settlers for the economic exploitation of the native people  

1. DIASPORA 

the dispersion or spread of any people from their original homeland. 

1. BAME 

BAME is a term long used in the UK to refer to black, Asian and minority ethnic people. Its origin derives from “political blackness”, an idea that various ethnic groups united behind to fight against discrimination in the 1970s. 

1. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY) 

Double consciousness is a term describing the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society. 

1. CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM 

cultural absolutism is the idea that psychological phenomena, such as intelligence and honesty, do not differ from culture to culture 

1. CULTURAL SYNCRETISM 

Cultural syncretism is when distinct aspects of different cultures blend together to make something new and unique. 

1. ORIENTALISM (SAID) 

“Orientalism” is a way of seeing that imagines, emphasizes, exaggerates and distorts differences of Arab peoples and cultures as compared to that of Europe and the U.S. It often involves seeing Arab culture as exotic, backward, uncivilized, and at times dangerous. 

1. APPROPRIATION 

Appropriation in art is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them 

1. CULTURAL HEGEMONY 

Cultural hegemony refers to domination or rule maintained through ideological or cultural means. It is usually achieved through social institutions, which allow those in power to strongly influence the values, norms, ideas, expectations, worldview, and behavior of the rest of society. 

1. THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS) 

The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action

 1.THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS 

a key issue that is facing PSB (Public Service Broadcasting) is the representation of ethnic minorities as one of the functions of PSB is to reflect the reality of multi-ethnic and multicultural republics.