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COLONIALISM = when a country seeks to attain complete or partial control of another and enforce authority to achieve dominance.

POST COLONIALISM = the study of the effects and cultural legacy of colonialism and exploitation of the colonised people and their lands.

DIASPORA = the dispersion of a particular culture/ethnic group beyond their originating geographical location.

BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethic) = term used in the UK to (politically correctly) refer to Black, Asian and other minority ethnic groups.

DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY) =  Gilroy defined double consciousness as the internal anguish of minority groups in oppressive societies.

CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM = Cultural absolutism = belief that a particular culture is supreme ethical value (e.g. Aryan race, Nazi Germany) Racial Essentialism = belief in a genetic/biological essence that defines all members of a racial category.

CULTURAL SYNCRETISM = when an aspect of two or more distinct cultures blend together to create a new custom, idea, practice, or philosophy.

ORIENTALISM (SAID) = how western powers and Europe define the eastern cultures, people and customs as inferior, uncivilised, exotic and at times dangerous and how Western culture is the opposite to that.

APPROPRIATION = adoption of an element of a particular culture into another by members of that culture.

CULTURAL HEGEMONY = domination though ideological means. Those in power dictate social norms and cultural expectations etc.

THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS) = Habermas theorised that the public sphere is an area of social life where individuals join together to freely discuss and identify problems within society, free from bias political dictation.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS: PSB have to represent minority groups equally and not reflect dominate ideologies and stereotypes. Aiming to aid the understanding and break the ignorance of dominate groups with regards to minorities to try and create a fair society.

narrative is how a story of a media text is constructed and how it conveys the information to the audience.

clear beginning middle and end, reach a high point in the middle then return to equilibrium at the end (TODOROV)

each media product will have a set narrative it follows for each product eg music video / news braodcast

some have a fixed narrative (cant’ be changed by audience) eg music video, some can be changed by audience eg games where the player determines the outcome

1. COLONIALISM: The practice of mainly western cultures occupying lands of other cultures, like Africa and Asia, mainly for the land’s resources and labour. To support these occupations, western imperialists would claim that their culture is superior to the peoples they were subjugating. These are ideas that, despite colonialism being almost non-existent today, have influence on modern western culture. 
2. POST COLONIALISM: The Observation that, despite almost all colonial occupation ceasing, colonial values like the supposed superiority of Western values and culture and the tendency of western cultures to ignore the complexity of other cultures and values and dismiss them as primitive or deviant are still influential in western culture. 
3. DIASPORA: A diaspora is an ethnic group that has members in varying areas of the globe due to being scattered, either voluntarily through immigration or involuntarily like slavery or genocide. As a result of being a diaspora, these ethnic groups are minorities among the populations they live in, and as such most media from these societies will represent these ethnic groups through the lens of the majority of the population of these societies. 
4. BAME: “Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic” – A term used by the government to refer to the collective minority population. 
5. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY): Double Consciousness refers to the internal conflict minority ethnic groups face when living in a nation whose majority ethnic group is different to theirs. For example, black British people have a double consciousness between their black identities and culture and the predominantly white society they live in. 
6. CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM: Essentialism refers to a lay belief in the existence of underlying natures that constitute and differentiate social categories. In terms of race and culture, this refers to, for example, the observation that dominant cultural groups use racial or cultural essentialism to justify existing racist social hierarchies and supposed racial inequality. 
7. CULTURAL SYNCRETISM: Cultural syncretism refers to how aspects of different cultures can blend to create something new and unique. 
8. ORIENTALISM (SAID): A book by Edward Said which describes how western cultures have defined eastern cultures in ways that justify colonial ideas of exploitation, showing how colonial ideas are still influential in modern western culture. 
9. APPROPRIATION: The use of other cultures by people of different cultures (often more dominant ones) outside their original cultural contexts. This is an example of how dominant cultures often use aspects of disadvantaged cultures without appreciation for those cultures (an aspect of colonial ideas – appropriation’s presence in modern society shows how colonial ideas are still influential in a post-colonial world). 
10. CULTURAL HEGEMONY: The rule of one culture group over others. The ideas of the dominant culture group are often influential over the others. 
11. THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS): The public sphere refers to the idea of the development of the ease of communication of non-ruling classes throughout history from which they can discuss social issues. The public sphere becomes more available to people of differing social classes. 
12. THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS: Public service broadcasting’s role is to represent minority groups fairly and similarly to dominant cultural groups. The consequence of not representing minorities fairly can lead to many people of dominant cultural groups to not understand the views and experiences of minorities properly which can lead to misrepresentation and appropriation, even just out of ignorance and not malice. 

1. COLONIALISM 

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

1. POST COLONIALISM 

Post-colonialism is an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that analyze, explain, and respond to the cultural legacies of colonialism and of imperialism, to the human consequences of controlling a country and establishing settlers for the economic exploitation of the native people  

1. DIASPORA 

the dispersion or spread of any people from their original homeland. 

1. BAME 

BAME is a term long used in the UK to refer to black, Asian and minority ethnic people. Its origin derives from “political blackness”, an idea that various ethnic groups united behind to fight against discrimination in the 1970s. 

1. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY) 

Double consciousness is a term describing the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society. 

1. CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM 

cultural absolutism is the idea that psychological phenomena, such as intelligence and honesty, do not differ from culture to culture 

1. CULTURAL SYNCRETISM 

Cultural syncretism is when distinct aspects of different cultures blend together to make something new and unique. 

1. ORIENTALISM (SAID) 

“Orientalism” is a way of seeing that imagines, emphasizes, exaggerates and distorts differences of Arab peoples and cultures as compared to that of Europe and the U.S. It often involves seeing Arab culture as exotic, backward, uncivilized, and at times dangerous. 

1. APPROPRIATION 

Appropriation in art is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them 

1. CULTURAL HEGEMONY 

Cultural hegemony refers to domination or rule maintained through ideological or cultural means. It is usually achieved through social institutions, which allow those in power to strongly influence the values, norms, ideas, expectations, worldview, and behavior of the rest of society. 

1. THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS) 

The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action

 1.THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS 

a key issue that is facing PSB (Public Service Broadcasting) is the representation of ethnic minorities as one of the functions of PSB is to reflect the reality of multi-ethnic and multicultural republics. 

TASK 1 background

• Ghost town was created as ‘break up’ song for the specials
• it stayed in no1 spot for 3 weeks after release and top 40 for 10 weeks
•  released on 12 June 1981
• mix of ‘two tone’ and ‘reggae’ genres. Their label gave the name to the genre as they mixed ska,reggae and new wave
• cities
•  “Single of the Year” for 1981
• They were signed to the label 2 tone
• directed by Barney Bubbles

TASK 2 social,cultural,historical

• Adresses the themes of urban decay , deindustrialisation,unemployment and violence in inner
• In 1981 unemployment rates in the UK were at the high with almost 3 million unemployed
• the band travelled across the UK and they could witnessed the impact of recession on the country and everyday life.
• There were riots spreading across the UK and it boosted the songs popularity
• 1981 England riots. From April to July 1981, England suffered serious riots across many major cities. Perceived as race riots between communities, the main motives were related to racial tension and inner city deprivation. The riots were caused by a distrust of the police and authority

1. COLONIALISM = it is a policy that a country has over extending or retaining authority over other people or territories, which generally has an aim for economic dominance.
2. POST COLONIALISM = this is the academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, which focuses on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonised people and land
3. DIASPORA = this is a scattered population where the origin lies in a separate geographic locale. In the past, diaspora was used to refer to the involuntary mass dispersion of a population from indigenous territories
4. BAME = BAME stands for Black, Asian and Minority ethnic people and derives from the “political blackness”, which was an idea that various ethic groups has united behind to fight discrimination back in the 1970s.
5. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS (GILROY) = this is a term that is used to describe the internal conflict that was experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society.
6. CULTURAL ABSOLUTISM / RACIAL ESSENTIALISM = this is a philosophical position that declares a society’s culture to be a supreme ethical value.
7. CULTURAL SYNCRETISM = this is when there are aspect of two or more distinct cultures blend together in order to create a new custom, philosophy, idea or practice.
8. ORIENTALISM (SAID) = this is a book that was written by Edward W. Said where Said developed the idea of orientalism to define the West’s representations of the East, which are the people and societies that inhibit Asia, North Africa and the Middle East.
9. APPROPRIATION = this when you acquire different aspects from different cultures and then use them within a culture
10. CULTURAL HEGEMONY = according to Marxist philosophy, this is the domination of a culturally diverse society. This is by the ruling class that manipulates the culture of society
11. THE PUBLIC SPHERE (HABERMAS) = the public sphere was a term created by German philosopher Habermas, who defines the public sphere as being a “virtual or imaginary community which does not necessarily exist in any identifiable space”. Within the public sphere, individuals can come together freely to form public opinions and legitimisation of state and democracy.
12. THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN TERMS OF FAIR REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY GROUPS / INTERESTS = a key issue that is facing PSB (Public Service Broadcasting) is the representation of ethnic minorities as one of the functions of PSB is to reflect the reality of multi-ethnic and multicultural republics.