Agenda setting is the media creating public awareness and concern of big issues
framing – how something is presented to the audience influences how the audience processes that informationm
myth making – framing and agendas support myths and common beliefs
Agenda setting- the media set the agenda by influencing viewers.
Framing- The media frames the agenda by including colours pictures etc in their magazines to present to the audience.
Myth making- Myths are supported by fake news
Manufacturing Consent
AGENDA SETTING
the media concentrate on a few issues as well as distorting the reality of an actual event
in order to force an agenda they ‘frame’ it – which adds extra connotation to the headline. This creates a stronger feel and allows the intentions to shine through more
there are conditions of consumption – consumers will not accept media straight away. They need to be ‘nudged’. this is why targeted advertising is aimed mainly at those with centrist political views
in the book ‘manufacturing consent’ Chomsky proposes that the mass communication media of the U.S. “are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion”
“a public space between the private domain and the state in which public opionion was formed and ‘popular’ supervision of government was established”
The public sphere connects people together and it is the idea that we are connected horizontally. This could be through communication in public spaces or social spaces for example a coffee shop or your workplace. Reading, writing and newspapers is a part of this as it allows us to connect with each other and different parts of the world. The invention of the internet has allowed us to have connections with each other too.
Habermas explores the way in which the news is discussed in the public sphere.
The concept of public interest:
Habermas – Suggested that with the media, individuals could form their own opinions and beleifs instead of being dictated by the government/ people of higher positions. This idea was labelled the ‘Public Sphere’. Global connection.
Quote – ‘A public space between the private domain and the state in which public opinion was formed and ‘popular’ supervision of government was established’
The theory of communative action – marxism and pitfalls of modern world due to capitalism
Public Sphere – free space, free opinion, free press – bourgeouise as it excludes the poor.
Initially, horizontal relationships were created in the public sphere not vertical whereby the higher social staus would have more control. (Coffee Shop Culture – Gossip)
Growing power of the publishing industry (media) 1830
Originally new media tech was good and allowed people to globally comunicate faster. Though as companies nd conglomerates grew, this new media was used as a way to present different ideas and propaganda. e.g Cambridge Analitica ‘stealing’ peoples data
For a democracy to work the public must have knowledge on current events otherwise the government would have more control as the public ‘wouldn’t care’ and therefore would’t vote or influence future ideologies and ideas.
People can be anonyms on the internet and therefore may share more exteme views. – Questionable quality of discussion.
Habermas wrote extensively on the way that information, news and events are processed in the public sphere.
He believes that the mass media has resulted in a reduction in PLURALITY – there are fewer voices discussing the news.
‘The mass media are not the same as any other business or service industry, but carry out tasks for the wider benefit of society’ society has the right to know what is going on.
‘The media can legitimately be held accountable for what they do or not do’
How do you organise it in the public interest?
Public control OR Deregulation = Extension of the free market
The government or state will own all the media as (they know what is good for society) or the Public can own all of the media. – The public interest the majority of people doing well, but who organises this?
James Curran – Due to price increases of some PSBs some citizens are exluded by price
public opinion was formed and ‘popular’ supervision of the government was established.
Habermas public sphere public interest
public sphere: public began to interact and form protests to challenge people with higher power e.g. government.
connecting people horizontally rather than vertically which was usually someone in controll who had power e.g. monarch
the idea began through connecting in coffee shops(community spaces) people communicated through leaflets that used to be left in the coffee shops.
leaflets then go through mass production and big companies then start publishing news papers this occurred in the industrial revolution this was the change in the media that we know today.
Habermas believes that democracy depends on a public which is informed, aware and which debates the issues of the day.
Habermass believes that the mass media has resulted in a reduction in PLURALITY there are fewer voices discussing the news
he also believes that the mass media and globalisation has reduced the effectiveness of the public sphere.
‘normative framework is a fundamental presumption that the media do serve the public interest or general welfare whether by decision or chance’.
how do we benefit everyone in society? public control or deregulation: everyone controlling the media (extension of the free market)
curran public service solution
Habermas was a germansociologist/ philospher- the public sphere
Habermas believes that democracy depends on a public which is informed aware and which debates the issue of the day.
“A PUBLIC SPACE BETWEEN THE PRIVATE DOMAIN AND THE STATE IN WHICH PUBLIC OPINION WAS FORMED AND ‘POPULAR’ SUPERVISION OF GOVERNMENT WAS ESTABLISHED” (P. 82: 1996)
we started off isolated before we could read and write
the public sphere connected people horizontally of class and not vertically
one point was that we were connecting in community spaces eg coffee shops, libraries
we were more venerable as a society when we could read or write as we had all of our trust and reliability in the vertically high class.
from communicating spaces in to mass media companies they try to control and dominate the public sphere so the direction of information became vertical again
the whole idea of the internet was to change the public sphere to connect with friends better but after a couple years the mass media was controlling the space more by placing in there
haber, as belies that the mass media has resulted in a reduction in plurality there are fewer voices discussing the news
“a public space between the private domain and the state in which public opionion was formed and ‘popular’ supervision of government was established” (p. 82: 1996)
Before media there was a dictatorship
Through communication, people have the ability to over ride the Government and those in power via protest ect.