A paradigm is a unique collection of signs.

Syntagm: a linguistic unit consisting of a set of linguistic forms (phonemes, words, or phrases) that are in a sequential relationship to one another.

C S Pierce:

Semiotics:

sign is anything that communicates a meaning that is not the sign itself to the interpreter of the sign.

code is a set of conventions or sub-codes currently in use to communicate meaning.

Convention is a cultural agreement about what a sign means, or how we should respond to it. 

Dominant Signifier  any material thing that signifies,.

The principal function of anchorage is ideological: the text directs the reader through the signifieds of the image

Ferdinand de Saussure:

Signifier: any material thing that signifies, e.g., words on a page, a facial expression, an image.

Signified: the concept that a signifier refers to.

Roland Barthes:

Signification:  the act or process of signifying by signs or other symbolic means.

Denotation: the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.

Conotation: an idea or feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning.

Myth: a traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining a natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events.

Ideology: a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Radical: a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Reactionary: a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. #

public sphere jurgen habermass

“a public space between the private domain and the state in which public opinion was formed and ‘popular’ supervision of government was established”

public sphere “a neutral zone where access to relevant information affecting the public good is widely available, where discussion is free of domination and where all those participating on public debates do so in an equal basis”.

“the media is to act as a public watchdog”.

regulation state or free market?

in relation to the media…

who regulates the press? (e.g. government or state)…

or is it a free market in which it is only run by the media/press… curran says “only by anchoring the media to the free market is it possible to ensure the medias complete independence from the government”.

curran says ” once the media becomes subject to public regulation, it will loose its bite as a watchdog”.