- Barthes: French writer and critic/ A leading theorist of the study of semiotics
- Pierce: An American philosopher
- Saussure: a Swiss linguist and semiotician
- Semiotics: the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation
- Sign: a gesture or action used to convey information or an instruction
- Signifier: a sign’s physical form (such as a sound, printed word, or image) as distinct from its meaning (Saussure)
- Signified: the meaning or idea expressed by a sign, as distinct from the physical form in which it is expressed.
- Icon: a person or thing regarded as a representative symbol or as worthy of veneration
- Index: a sign or measure of something
- Symbol: a thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract
- Code: a system of words, letters, figures, or symbols used to represent others, especially for the purposes of secrecy
- Anchorage: Fixes the meaning of a sign
- Ideology: A system of ideas and ideals
- Paradigm: a collection of signs
- Syntagm: a sequence of signs with meaning
- Signification: the process of creating meaning
- Denotation: The literal meaning of a word
- Connotation: An idea or feeling that a word invokes
- Myth: Something that is made up and excepted
- Dominant signifier: The main sign
- A radical text: A text that radicalises ideology
- A reactionary text: A text that supports ideology
- Dominant ideology: Dominant ideas attitudes values or beliefs
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