1903-1918: The Thrill becomes Story or The Hollywood Dream

According to Cousins, why did the hub of film production in the USA move from the East Coast of America to Hollywood?

To escape the patents put in place by Thomas Edison and to take advantage of the weather and natural lighting

which nation’s film industry does Cousins describe as ‘the best in the world’ in the 1910s and why?

He saw Scandinavian countries as ‘the best in the world’ because danish directors like Benjamin Christensen saw film as an art form and he used light as a key technique in his films, the most prevalent examples of this is his film ‘Mysterious X’ (1914)

Give an example of two films and two directors from this place and time cited by cousin’s as remarkable

• ‘Häxan’ by Benjamin Christensen (1922)
• ‘The Phantom Carriage’ by Victor Sjöström (1921)

1895-1918: The World Discovers A New Art form, or Birth of Cinema

what was the first film created by the Lumiere brothers? and when was this?

Workers Leaving the Factory was the first film created by the Lumiere brothers and created in 1895

what is the ‘Phantom Ride’?

A Camera being placed upon a moving train to create the illusion of a ghostly floating shot

What was ground Breaking about the silent films ‘the Sick Kitten’ and ‘the Life of an American Fireman’?

‘The Sick Kitten’ (1903) incorporated the first use of a close up in film and ‘the Life of an American Fireman’ (1903) had the first use of cross cutting between two locations

what was the name of the first ‘film star’ in Hollywood?

Florence Lawrence was the first Hollywood ‘film star’. She was born 1886 died in 1938 after using rat poisoning to commit suicide

How many cinema screens were there on Jersey during the “Golden Age” of cinema ? (1930s to 60s)

During ‘the Golden age of Film’ (from the 1930s to the 1960s) there were 3 cinema screens in jersey. these were the Odeon, New Era and the Forum. The Odeon had 2 screens, The New Era was a single screen, as was the Forum.

How many cinema screens are there now?

There is now One Cinema in Jersey, Cineworld, and it has 10 screens.

What independent cinema spaces currently exist on Jersey?

There are four independent cinemas in jersey, these are the film festivals-surf film festival at the scout hut, the Howard Davis outside cinema, the jersey art center as well as the grand hotel.

Explain why the number of cinema screens have declined over the years and what you think the implications are for the film industry in general.

Advances in technology in cinema has left independent cinemas behind, as very often they cannot afford to cater to the mainstream audience, either through screens and films that are screened. So small independent cinemas can only play small local productions and art films

	Production Role 1	Production Role 2
Role	Sound	cinematography	editing
Genre	Psychological Horror
movement/ influences	The Shining
Practitioner/influence(s)	Stanley Kubrik
Target Audience	horror fans
Production Scale	small scale
Key themes/ issues

Diegetic Sound

Diegetic sound an example of a diegetic sound in Shaun of the dead is the television that continues to play throughout a majority of the scene. the news broadcast playing also telegraphs key information to the characters proving that it is diegetic. One more (more obvious) example is dialogue.

Non-Diegetic Sound

Examples of Non Diegetic sound in the scene is atmos music which enhances the scene and creates more tension, this music kicks in once the characters realize that there is a problem.

Synchronous sound

sound that is matched with the action and movements being viewed on screen.

Asynchronous Sound

Asynchronous sound is used when the director wants to create tension as the viewer can hear a sound but not see its source. sometimes the audience cant hear its sound that the character inside the film can hear.

Sound Effects

Sound effects are artificially created or enhanced sounds that are used in artistic works to emphasize or express an action, mood, or feeling. Sound effects were initially used in radio dramas, but can be observed more often today in podcasts, theater, films, and television shows.

Foley Artist

Foley complements or replaces sound recorded on set at the time of the filming, known as field recording. The soundscape of most films uses a combination of both. A Foley artist is the person who creates this sound art. Foley artists use creativity to make viewers believe that the sound effects are actually real. Examples of sounds created by a Foley artist are coconuts tapping together to simulate horse hooves and snapping celery to simulate bones breaking.

Sound Bridge

A sound bridge is a type of sound editing that occurs when sound carries over a visual transition in film

Sound Motif

a sound motif is a sound or combination of sound effects associated with a particular character, setting or idea through the film. the sound motifs condition the audience emotionally for the intervention, arrival or actions of a particular character. An example of one of these sound motifs is from jaws, this iconic piece of music masterfully created by by John Williams is used to announce the presence of the titular shark.

Narration & Voice Over

Narration can provide key information to the audience in the form of exposition. one of the best examples of this that i can think of is ‘stranger than fiction’ in which Will Ferrell plays a man tormented by a narrator that only he could hear and seeks out the narrator after it declares that he will die soon.

Score and Underscore

The score for a film is the (theme) music composed especially for it to enhance the mood/theme and visuals which appear on screen. The underscore is music which is played ‘under’ sequences to enhance mood and is often mixed with dialogue and/or sound effects.

Sound Perspective

sound perspective refers to the apparent distance of a sound source, evidenced by its volume, timbre and pitch.

Mark Out of 10	Memorable scene
8.9/10	the opening scene where the men are gunned down while trying to escaping machine gun fire

Sound editor: A sound editor is a creative professional responsible for selecting and assembling sound recordings in preparation for the final sound mixing or mastering of a television program, motion picture, video game, or any production involving recorded or synthetic sound.

Sound Mixer: The production sound mixer (also called the location sound mixer) is the senior-most sound position during pre-production and production. They serve as a sound recordist during filming, and are responsible for recording and balancing the audio effects on set.

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Mark out of 10: 8.9

Memorable Scene: opening push in on Andrew before Terrence finds him practicing

FILM	Preference ?/10	Memorable Scene	Film Element Focus
The Shining	7/10	the first scene of jack in the gold room	Cinematography