The steadicam tracking shot of Danny riding around the hotel on his tricycle creates a sense of uneasiness for the viewer. The shot makes it seem as though Danny is being chased by something represented by the camera. The image of a child being chased adds to the narrative by implying that there is something evil within the hotel, which is chasing Danny around the hotel. Kubrick also uses a long tracking shots when following Danny, which further emphasizes the sense that he is being chased by something evil.

Depth of field is the range of focus in a shot. There are two ranges of this –

A “shallow focus” is when there is a small depth of field and only one part of the image is in focus while the rest is blurry. An example of this is used in the film “Fathers and Daughters”, where it focuses on Katie’s face and her reactions, so the audience is fully focusing on that rather than anything else in the background.

A “deep focus” uses a large depth of field, so the whole of the scene is in focus for the audience. An example of this is used in the film “Ex Machina”, and in this scene we can see other people in the background and what is going on around the humanoid.

A “Crab Left” camera movement means for a handheld camera operator to walk sideways (like a crab). The technique is often used to follow a subject that would otherwise leave the frame such as an actor or vehicle in motion.  An example of this is in a behind-the-scenes video of “Grey’s Anatomy) (2006), and is presented in this scene:

http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/jbutler/clips/greysanatomy20061005qq31_33qqdollyshot.mp4/view

“Zooming” in film-making and television production refers to the technique of changing the focal length of a zoom lens (and hence the angle of view) during a shot. An example of this is in the movie “Ratatouille” (2007).

A “Pan Down Shot” is when you rotate a camera on its vertical or horizontal axis in order to keep a moving person or object in view or allow the film to record a panorama. An example of this is used in the film “Psycho” (1960). In the shower scene in this film, the director has used a pan down shot to show Marion’s death.

A Bird’s Eye View is a camera angle used to view an object or a person from above, with the perspective as though the audience were a bird. An example of this is in a scene of the 2017 drama film “To The Bone”, where the main character Eli who suffers from Anorexia, experiences a dream in which it reveals to her how sick she really is and that she needs to accept the help she needs. This is revealed to her by, in the dream, the male protagonist tells her while they are both in a tree, only for Eli to look down and see her naked self on the ground revealing how fatal her disorder has become and what she looks like that she can’t see in real life. This is shown in a bird’s eye view as thought we were Eli looking down at herself.

A canted camera angle is a type of camera shot where the camera is set at an angle on its roll axis so that the shot is composed with vertical lines at an angle to the side of the frame. Canted angles are frequently used by film directors such as Tim Burton, and an example of one is used in the film “Edward Scissorhands”. This is used to represent disorientation and drug psychosis.

A high-angle is an angle that looks down on the object/person in order to make them seem vulnerable or powerless. An example of this is used in The Lord of the Rings franchise, specifically the scene where the ring is falling and Frodo is trying to catch it on his finger. This scene shows desperation and hopelessness.

The depth of field is  the range of focus in a shot or photograph , it is an important concept for cinematographers to master  because they need to be able to manipulate focus in order to create the desired effect.

There are two types of focus , shallow focus and deep focus. Shallow focus is when there is only one character in focus and any other characters in the scene are out of focus and blurry and the audience is unable to see them , in contrast, if the scene is in deep focus then all characters can be seen by the audience and none of them are blurred , however , shallow focus can cost the film verisimilitude because real life does not look like shallow focus shots.

This is an example of shallow focus from the first Kill Bill film (2004, directed by Quentin Tarantino) and it helps to emphasise the fact that The Bride (Uma Thurman)  is the most important character in the scene and the characters in the background are irrelevant.

This scene from Citizen Kane (1941 , directed by Orson Welles) utilizes deep focus and this can be used in order to show that all characters in the scene are of equal importance and they are relevant to the plot of the film. Furthermore , deep focus makes the audience feel included in the world of the film because it helps to create verisimilitude because it reflects how the real world actually looks and it helps the film to create an accurate illusion of reality which shallow focus does not do.

Depth of field is the range of focus in a shot – whether the whole scene is in focus or if the camera if only focused on one part.  A shallow focus, also called a small depth of field, is when only one part of the scene is in focus while the rest is blurry and unfocused. A deep focus uses a large depth of field, so the whole of the scene is in focus for the audience.

An example of a small depth of field is in The Circle (dir. James Ponsoldt, 2017).

In this scene, only Mae is in focus, while everyone else sitting along the row is blurred. The director has chosen to use this shot so that the audience know that they should be focusing on her. This shot emphasises that she is the main character. It causes the audience to pay close attention to her face and her facial expressions, so they understand how they should be responding to the scene. This type of depth of field is used by directors in scenes when one character is important, and the audience need to be directed to look at them. It is useful because any irrelevant things that are happening in the background can be out of focus, so the viewers don’t look at it.  If the director had wanted the audience to look at everyone in the scene equally, then he would have chosen to use a larger depth of field, so that they would all be in focus. This kind of depth of field is often used to show characters who all have equal importance in the scene. This means that the viewers will look at everyone rather than just focusing on one section.